The Impact of Policies to Control Motor Vehicle Emissions in Mumbai, India
This paper examines the impact of measures to reduce emissions from passenger transport, specifically buses, cars, and two-wheelers in Mumbai. These include converting diesel buses to compressed natural gas (CNG), as the Indian Supreme Court required in Delhi, which would necessitate an increase in...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2012
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/11/7186273/impact-policies-control-motor-vehicle-emissions-mumbai-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8996 |
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okr-10986-8996 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AGGREGATE EMISSIONS AIR AIR POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM AIR QUALITY AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY AIR QUALITY MODELING AMBIENT AIR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ARC ELASTICITIES AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS AUTOMOBILES AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH BICYCLING BUS BUS ACCESS BUS FARE BUS FARES BUS RIDE BUS RIDERSHIP BUS SERVICE BUS STOP BUS SYSTEM BUS SYSTEMS BUSES CAR CAR OWNERSHIP CARS CLEAN AIR CLEAN BUS COMMERCIAL VEHICLES COMMUTE TRIPS COMMUTERS COMMUTING COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS CONGESTION COSTS OF TRAVEL DIESEL DIESEL BUS DIESEL BUSES DIESEL FUEL DIESEL VEHICLES DRIVING ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF VEHICLE OWNERSHIP EMISSION EMISSION FACTOR EMISSION FACTORS EMISSIONS FROM PASSENGER VEHICLES EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT EMISSIONS PER PASSENGER EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS EMISSIONS STANDARDS ENGINE FARE FARE BUS FARE INCREASE FRAMEWORK GAS PRICE GAS TAX GASOLINE TAX GOODS VEHICLES INCOME INJURY INJURY ACCIDENTS INTERSECTION JOB LOCATIONS JOURNEY JOURNEY TO WORK MILEAGE MODAL SHARE MODAL SHARES MODE SUBSTITUTION MOTOR VEHICLE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS MOTOR VEHICLE OWNERSHIP MOTORCYCLES NESTED LOGIT MODEL NET BENEFITS OXIDATION OXIDATION CATALYSTS PARTICULATE EMISSIONS PARTICULATE MATTER PASSENGER KILOMETERS PASSENGER TRANSPORT PASSENGER VEHICLES PASSENGERS PASSENGERS PER DAY PERSONAL TRAVEL POLLUTION CONTROL PRICE ELASTICITIES PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND PRICE OF GASOLINE PRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLES PRIVATE VEHICLE PRIVATE VEHICLE OWNERSHIP PRIVATE VEHICLES PUBLIC TRANSIT RAIL RAIL BUS RAIL LINES RAIL NETWORK RAIL STATION RAIL STATIONS REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS REGISTRATION FEES RIDERSHIP ROAD ROAD CONSTRUCTION ROAD LENGTH ROUND TRIP SCHOOL BUSES SCOOTERS SUBURBS SULFUR TAX TAXIS TOTAL TRIPS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC FATALITIES TRAINS TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ECONOMICS TRANSPORT EMISSIONS TRANSPORT MODE TRANSPORT SECTOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM TRANSPORTATION TRAVEL DISTANCE TRAVEL MODE TRAVEL SPEED TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TRAVELERS TRIP TRIP GENERATION TRIPS TRUCKS TRUE TYPES OF TRIPS TYPES OF VEHICLES URBAN AIR QUALITY URBAN TRANSPORTATION VALUE OF TIME VEHICLE CLASS VEHICLE FLEET VEHICLE KILOMETERS VEHICLE MILES VEHICLE OWNERSHIP VEHICLE TRAVEL VEHICLE USAGE VEHICLE USE WALKING WALKING TIME WORK TRIP WORK TRIPS |
| spellingShingle |
ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AGGREGATE EMISSIONS AIR AIR POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM AIR QUALITY AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY AIR QUALITY MODELING AMBIENT AIR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ARC ELASTICITIES AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS AUTOMOBILES AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH BICYCLING BUS BUS ACCESS BUS FARE BUS FARES BUS RIDE BUS RIDERSHIP BUS SERVICE BUS STOP BUS SYSTEM BUS SYSTEMS BUSES CAR CAR OWNERSHIP CARS CLEAN AIR CLEAN BUS COMMERCIAL VEHICLES COMMUTE TRIPS COMMUTERS COMMUTING COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS CONGESTION COSTS OF TRAVEL DIESEL DIESEL BUS DIESEL BUSES DIESEL FUEL DIESEL VEHICLES DRIVING ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF VEHICLE OWNERSHIP EMISSION EMISSION FACTOR EMISSION FACTORS EMISSIONS FROM PASSENGER VEHICLES EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT EMISSIONS PER PASSENGER EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS EMISSIONS STANDARDS ENGINE FARE FARE BUS FARE INCREASE FRAMEWORK GAS PRICE GAS TAX GASOLINE TAX GOODS VEHICLES INCOME INJURY INJURY ACCIDENTS INTERSECTION JOB LOCATIONS JOURNEY JOURNEY TO WORK MILEAGE MODAL SHARE MODAL SHARES MODE SUBSTITUTION MOTOR VEHICLE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS MOTOR VEHICLE OWNERSHIP MOTORCYCLES NESTED LOGIT MODEL NET BENEFITS OXIDATION OXIDATION CATALYSTS PARTICULATE EMISSIONS PARTICULATE MATTER PASSENGER KILOMETERS PASSENGER TRANSPORT PASSENGER VEHICLES PASSENGERS PASSENGERS PER DAY PERSONAL TRAVEL POLLUTION CONTROL PRICE ELASTICITIES PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND PRICE OF GASOLINE PRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLES PRIVATE VEHICLE PRIVATE VEHICLE OWNERSHIP PRIVATE VEHICLES PUBLIC TRANSIT RAIL RAIL BUS RAIL LINES RAIL NETWORK RAIL STATION RAIL STATIONS REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS REGISTRATION FEES RIDERSHIP ROAD ROAD CONSTRUCTION ROAD LENGTH ROUND TRIP SCHOOL BUSES SCOOTERS SUBURBS SULFUR TAX TAXIS TOTAL TRIPS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC FATALITIES TRAINS TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ECONOMICS TRANSPORT EMISSIONS TRANSPORT MODE TRANSPORT SECTOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM TRANSPORTATION TRAVEL DISTANCE TRAVEL MODE TRAVEL SPEED TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TRAVELERS TRIP TRIP GENERATION TRIPS TRUCKS TRUE TYPES OF TRIPS TYPES OF VEHICLES URBAN AIR QUALITY URBAN TRANSPORTATION VALUE OF TIME VEHICLE CLASS VEHICLE FLEET VEHICLE KILOMETERS VEHICLE MILES VEHICLE OWNERSHIP VEHICLE TRAVEL VEHICLE USAGE VEHICLE USE WALKING WALKING TIME WORK TRIP WORK TRIPS Takeuchi, Akie Cropper, Maureen Bento, Antonio The Impact of Policies to Control Motor Vehicle Emissions in Mumbai, India |
| geographic_facet |
South Asia India |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4059 |
| description |
This paper examines the impact of measures to reduce emissions from passenger transport, specifically buses, cars, and two-wheelers in Mumbai. These include converting diesel buses to compressed natural gas (CNG), as the Indian Supreme Court required in Delhi, which would necessitate an increase in bus fares to cover the cost of pollution controls. The authors model an increase in the price of gasoline, which should affect the ownership and use of cars and two-wheelers, as well as imposing a license fee on cars to retard growth in car ownership. The impact of each policy on emissions depends not only on how the policy affects the mode that is regulated, but on shifts to other modes. The results suggest that the most effective policy to reduce emissions from passenger vehicles-in terms of the total number of tons of PM10 (particulate matter that measure less than or equal to 10 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter) reduced-is to convert diesel buses to CNG. The conversion of 3,391 diesel buses to CNG would result in an emissions reduction of 663 tons of PM10 a year, 14 percent of total emissions from transport. The bus conversion program passes the cost-benefit test. In contrast, the results suggest the elasticities of emissions from transport with respect to a gasoline tax and a tax on vehicle ownership are -0.04 and -0.10 respectively. As a consequence, it would take substantial increases in the gasoline tax or vehicle ownership tax to produce reductions in emissions similar to the bus conversion program. These results, however, reflect the low shares of cars and two-wheelers in the Mumbai emissions inventory and need not apply to cities, such as Delhi, where these shares are higher. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Takeuchi, Akie Cropper, Maureen Bento, Antonio |
| author_facet |
Takeuchi, Akie Cropper, Maureen Bento, Antonio |
| author_sort |
Takeuchi, Akie |
| title |
The Impact of Policies to Control Motor Vehicle Emissions in Mumbai, India |
| title_short |
The Impact of Policies to Control Motor Vehicle Emissions in Mumbai, India |
| title_full |
The Impact of Policies to Control Motor Vehicle Emissions in Mumbai, India |
| title_fullStr |
The Impact of Policies to Control Motor Vehicle Emissions in Mumbai, India |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Impact of Policies to Control Motor Vehicle Emissions in Mumbai, India |
| title_sort |
impact of policies to control motor vehicle emissions in mumbai, india |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/11/7186273/impact-policies-control-motor-vehicle-emissions-mumbai-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8996 |
| _version_ |
1764406729803563008 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-89962021-04-23T14:02:41Z The Impact of Policies to Control Motor Vehicle Emissions in Mumbai, India Takeuchi, Akie Cropper, Maureen Bento, Antonio ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AGGREGATE EMISSIONS AIR AIR POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM AIR QUALITY AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY AIR QUALITY MODELING AMBIENT AIR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ARC ELASTICITIES AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS AUTOMOBILES AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH BICYCLING BUS BUS ACCESS BUS FARE BUS FARES BUS RIDE BUS RIDERSHIP BUS SERVICE BUS STOP BUS SYSTEM BUS SYSTEMS BUSES CAR CAR OWNERSHIP CARS CLEAN AIR CLEAN BUS COMMERCIAL VEHICLES COMMUTE TRIPS COMMUTERS COMMUTING COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS CONGESTION COSTS OF TRAVEL DIESEL DIESEL BUS DIESEL BUSES DIESEL FUEL DIESEL VEHICLES DRIVING ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF VEHICLE OWNERSHIP EMISSION EMISSION FACTOR EMISSION FACTORS EMISSIONS FROM PASSENGER VEHICLES EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT EMISSIONS PER PASSENGER EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS EMISSIONS STANDARDS ENGINE FARE FARE BUS FARE INCREASE FRAMEWORK GAS PRICE GAS TAX GASOLINE TAX GOODS VEHICLES INCOME INJURY INJURY ACCIDENTS INTERSECTION JOB LOCATIONS JOURNEY JOURNEY TO WORK MILEAGE MODAL SHARE MODAL SHARES MODE SUBSTITUTION MOTOR VEHICLE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS MOTOR VEHICLE OWNERSHIP MOTORCYCLES NESTED LOGIT MODEL NET BENEFITS OXIDATION OXIDATION CATALYSTS PARTICULATE EMISSIONS PARTICULATE MATTER PASSENGER KILOMETERS PASSENGER TRANSPORT PASSENGER VEHICLES PASSENGERS PASSENGERS PER DAY PERSONAL TRAVEL POLLUTION CONTROL PRICE ELASTICITIES PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND PRICE OF GASOLINE PRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLES PRIVATE VEHICLE PRIVATE VEHICLE OWNERSHIP PRIVATE VEHICLES PUBLIC TRANSIT RAIL RAIL BUS RAIL LINES RAIL NETWORK RAIL STATION RAIL STATIONS REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS REGISTRATION FEES RIDERSHIP ROAD ROAD CONSTRUCTION ROAD LENGTH ROUND TRIP SCHOOL BUSES SCOOTERS SUBURBS SULFUR TAX TAXIS TOTAL TRIPS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC FATALITIES TRAINS TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ECONOMICS TRANSPORT EMISSIONS TRANSPORT MODE TRANSPORT SECTOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM TRANSPORTATION TRAVEL DISTANCE TRAVEL MODE TRAVEL SPEED TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TRAVELERS TRIP TRIP GENERATION TRIPS TRUCKS TRUE TYPES OF TRIPS TYPES OF VEHICLES URBAN AIR QUALITY URBAN TRANSPORTATION VALUE OF TIME VEHICLE CLASS VEHICLE FLEET VEHICLE KILOMETERS VEHICLE MILES VEHICLE OWNERSHIP VEHICLE TRAVEL VEHICLE USAGE VEHICLE USE WALKING WALKING TIME WORK TRIP WORK TRIPS This paper examines the impact of measures to reduce emissions from passenger transport, specifically buses, cars, and two-wheelers in Mumbai. These include converting diesel buses to compressed natural gas (CNG), as the Indian Supreme Court required in Delhi, which would necessitate an increase in bus fares to cover the cost of pollution controls. The authors model an increase in the price of gasoline, which should affect the ownership and use of cars and two-wheelers, as well as imposing a license fee on cars to retard growth in car ownership. The impact of each policy on emissions depends not only on how the policy affects the mode that is regulated, but on shifts to other modes. The results suggest that the most effective policy to reduce emissions from passenger vehicles-in terms of the total number of tons of PM10 (particulate matter that measure less than or equal to 10 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter) reduced-is to convert diesel buses to CNG. The conversion of 3,391 diesel buses to CNG would result in an emissions reduction of 663 tons of PM10 a year, 14 percent of total emissions from transport. The bus conversion program passes the cost-benefit test. In contrast, the results suggest the elasticities of emissions from transport with respect to a gasoline tax and a tax on vehicle ownership are -0.04 and -0.10 respectively. As a consequence, it would take substantial increases in the gasoline tax or vehicle ownership tax to produce reductions in emissions similar to the bus conversion program. These results, however, reflect the low shares of cars and two-wheelers in the Mumbai emissions inventory and need not apply to cities, such as Delhi, where these shares are higher. 2012-06-26T13:43:10Z 2012-06-26T13:43:10Z 2006-11 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/11/7186273/impact-policies-control-motor-vehicle-emissions-mumbai-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8996 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4059 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research South Asia India |