Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo

The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is poised on the edge of a machete blade. Despite the achievement of considerable peace-building successes throughout much of this central African state in recent years, the current activities of a...

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Main Authors: Lamb, Guy, Alusala, Nelson, Mthembu-Salter, Gregory, Gasana, Jean-Marie
Format: Working Paper
Language:English
en_US
Published: World Bank, Washington, DC 2017
Subjects:
BAN
SEX
TAX
WAR
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/208281468028477015/Rumours-of-peace-whispers-of-war-assessment-of-the-reintegration-of-ex-combatants-into-civilian-life-in-North-Kivu-South-Kivu-and-Ituri-Democratic-Republic-of-Congo
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/26808
id okr-10986-26808
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
en_US
topic ABUSE
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
ALLIANCE
ALLIANCES
ARMED CONFLICT
ARMED CONFLICTS
ARMED FORCES
ARMED GROUPS
BAN
BATTLES
BICYCLES
BIKES
BOUNDARIES
BRIDGE
BROTHELS
CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
CHILD SOLDIERS
CONFLICT
CONVENTION
COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN
CRIME
CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES
CRIMINALITY
DEFENCE
DEMOBILIZATION
DEPENDANTS
DESERTIONS
DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
DISARMAMENT
DISSEMINATION
DRIVING
DRUG
DRUG TRAFFICKING
DRUGS
ECONOMIC COOPERATION
ECONOMIC PROGRESS
ECONOMIC REINTEGRATION
ELECTIONS
ETHNIC GROUPS
EX-COMBATANT
EX-COMBATANTS
EXCOMBATANTS
EXPLOITATION
FAMILY CONSUMPTION
FEWER WOMEN
FIGHTING
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS
FORMER FIGHTERS
FUEL
FUEL COSTS
GENOCIDE
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN LIFE
HUMAN RIGHTS
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
HUMAN SECURITY
HUSBANDS
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
INSUBORDINATION
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
LACK OF CAPACITY
LEGAL PROTECTION
LEGAL STATUS
LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES
LOCAL ECONOMY
MASS VIOLENCE
MEAT
MILITARY PERSONNEL
MILITARY REFORM
MILITIA
MINORITY
NATIONAL AUTHORITIES
NATIONAL LEGISLATION
NATIONS
NATURAL RESOURCES
NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS
PASSENGERS
PEACE
PEACE ACCORDS
PEACE AGREEMENTS
PEACEKEEPERS
PEACEKEEPING
PIRACY
PITS
POLICE
POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION
PRACTITIONERS
PROGRESS
PUBLIC INFORMATION
RAPE
RAPES
REBEL
REBELS
RECONSTRUCTION
REFUGEE
REFUGEE CAMPS
REFUGEES
REMITTANCES
REPATRIATION
RESETTLEMENT
RESPECT
ROAD
ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
ROADS
RURAL COMMUNITIES
SAFETY
SECURITY SITUATION
SEX
SEX TRADE
SEXUAL ABUSE
SOLDIERS
SUPPLY CHAINS
TAX
TAXI DRIVERS
TAXIS
TOLL
TRANSIT
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTS
TRIP
TRIPS
TRUE
UNDP
URBAN AREAS
URBAN CENTRES
URBAN TRANSPORT
URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
VEHICLE
VEHICLES
VIOLENCE
VIOLENT CONFLICT
WAR
WARS
WEALTH
WEAPON
WEAPONS
YOUNG MEN
YOUNG WOMEN
spellingShingle ABUSE
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
ALLIANCE
ALLIANCES
ARMED CONFLICT
ARMED CONFLICTS
ARMED FORCES
ARMED GROUPS
BAN
BATTLES
BICYCLES
BIKES
BOUNDARIES
BRIDGE
BROTHELS
CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
CHILD SOLDIERS
CONFLICT
CONVENTION
COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN
CRIME
CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES
CRIMINALITY
DEFENCE
DEMOBILIZATION
DEPENDANTS
DESERTIONS
DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
DISARMAMENT
DISSEMINATION
DRIVING
DRUG
DRUG TRAFFICKING
DRUGS
ECONOMIC COOPERATION
ECONOMIC PROGRESS
ECONOMIC REINTEGRATION
ELECTIONS
ETHNIC GROUPS
EX-COMBATANT
EX-COMBATANTS
EXCOMBATANTS
EXPLOITATION
FAMILY CONSUMPTION
FEWER WOMEN
FIGHTING
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS
FORMER FIGHTERS
FUEL
FUEL COSTS
GENOCIDE
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN LIFE
HUMAN RIGHTS
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
HUMAN SECURITY
HUSBANDS
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
INSUBORDINATION
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
LACK OF CAPACITY
LEGAL PROTECTION
LEGAL STATUS
LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES
LOCAL ECONOMY
MASS VIOLENCE
MEAT
MILITARY PERSONNEL
MILITARY REFORM
MILITIA
MINORITY
NATIONAL AUTHORITIES
NATIONAL LEGISLATION
NATIONS
NATURAL RESOURCES
NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS
PASSENGERS
PEACE
PEACE ACCORDS
PEACE AGREEMENTS
PEACEKEEPERS
PEACEKEEPING
PIRACY
PITS
POLICE
POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION
PRACTITIONERS
PROGRESS
PUBLIC INFORMATION
RAPE
RAPES
REBEL
REBELS
RECONSTRUCTION
REFUGEE
REFUGEE CAMPS
REFUGEES
REMITTANCES
REPATRIATION
RESETTLEMENT
RESPECT
ROAD
ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
ROADS
RURAL COMMUNITIES
SAFETY
SECURITY SITUATION
SEX
SEX TRADE
SEXUAL ABUSE
SOLDIERS
SUPPLY CHAINS
TAX
TAXI DRIVERS
TAXIS
TOLL
TRANSIT
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTS
TRIP
TRIPS
TRUE
UNDP
URBAN AREAS
URBAN CENTRES
URBAN TRANSPORT
URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
VEHICLE
VEHICLES
VIOLENCE
VIOLENT CONFLICT
WAR
WARS
WEALTH
WEAPON
WEAPONS
YOUNG MEN
YOUNG WOMEN
Lamb, Guy
Alusala, Nelson
Mthembu-Salter, Gregory
Gasana, Jean-Marie
Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo
geographic_facet Africa
Congo, Democratic Republic of
description The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is poised on the edge of a machete blade. Despite the achievement of considerable peace-building successes throughout much of this central African state in recent years, the current activities of armed groups and the Congolese armed forces in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, have the potential to further destabilize the eastern provinces, and possibly even neighboring countries. Former combatants are prominent in the security and stability equation in the eastern DRC. The reason is that if this section of society has not been effectively disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated into civilian life, then they have the potential to return to arms. In this region, over 100,000 ex-combatants have been demobilized over the past decade in successive waves of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) interventions. Assessments and speculation about the reintegration of ex-combatants in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri have suggested that these individuals have become marginalized, and their reintegration into civilian society is precarious, thus making them vulnerable to further recruitment by armed groups. Some reports have even suggested that numerous former fighters have remilitarized in the mining areas in order to access mineral wealth. Consequently, research on the socio-economic reintegration of ex-combatants in the eastern DRC was undertaken by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), and funded by the Transitional Demobilization and Reintegration Program (TDRP) of the World Bank. North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri were the three geographical areas of focus, given the volatility and potential pivotal role of these areas in promoting and consolidating peace in the eastern DRC. The specific objectives of the research were to: 1) assess the processes of the socio-economic reintegration of former combatants into civilian life; 2) analyze the causes and dynamics of the current security situation (or lack thereof) in the three areas, and the implications for current and future DDR processes; and 3) evaluate the extent to which demobilized former combatants have been re-recruited into armed groups, including motivating and resilience factors. The research took place between February and September 2011, with the findings and analysis being presented in this report.
format Working Paper
author Lamb, Guy
Alusala, Nelson
Mthembu-Salter, Gregory
Gasana, Jean-Marie
author_facet Lamb, Guy
Alusala, Nelson
Mthembu-Salter, Gregory
Gasana, Jean-Marie
author_sort Lamb, Guy
title Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo
title_short Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo
title_full Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo
title_fullStr Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo
title_full_unstemmed Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo
title_sort rumours of peace, whispers of war : assessment of the reintegration of ex-combatants into civilian life in north kivu, south kivu, and ituri, democratic republic of congo
publisher World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate 2017
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/208281468028477015/Rumours-of-peace-whispers-of-war-assessment-of-the-reintegration-of-ex-combatants-into-civilian-life-in-North-Kivu-South-Kivu-and-Ituri-Democratic-Republic-of-Congo
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/26808
_version_ 1764462681024102400
spelling okr-10986-268082021-04-23T14:04:37Z Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo Lamb, Guy Alusala, Nelson Mthembu-Salter, Gregory Gasana, Jean-Marie ABUSE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ALLIANCE ALLIANCES ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS ARMED FORCES ARMED GROUPS BAN BATTLES BICYCLES BIKES BOUNDARIES BRIDGE BROTHELS CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES CHILD SOLDIERS CONFLICT CONVENTION COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN CRIME CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES CRIMINALITY DEFENCE DEMOBILIZATION DEPENDANTS DESERTIONS DEVELOPMENT CENTRE DISARMAMENT DISSEMINATION DRIVING DRUG DRUG TRAFFICKING DRUGS ECONOMIC COOPERATION ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC REINTEGRATION ELECTIONS ETHNIC GROUPS EX-COMBATANT EX-COMBATANTS EXCOMBATANTS EXPLOITATION FAMILY CONSUMPTION FEWER WOMEN FIGHTING FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS FORMER FIGHTERS FUEL FUEL COSTS GENOCIDE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN LIFE HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS HUMAN SECURITY HUSBANDS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INSUBORDINATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS LACK OF CAPACITY LEGAL PROTECTION LEGAL STATUS LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES LOCAL ECONOMY MASS VIOLENCE MEAT MILITARY PERSONNEL MILITARY REFORM MILITIA MINORITY NATIONAL AUTHORITIES NATIONAL LEGISLATION NATIONS NATURAL RESOURCES NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS PASSENGERS PEACE PEACE ACCORDS PEACE AGREEMENTS PEACEKEEPERS PEACEKEEPING PIRACY PITS POLICE POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION PRACTITIONERS PROGRESS PUBLIC INFORMATION RAPE RAPES REBEL REBELS RECONSTRUCTION REFUGEE REFUGEE CAMPS REFUGEES REMITTANCES REPATRIATION RESETTLEMENT RESPECT ROAD ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ROADS RURAL COMMUNITIES SAFETY SECURITY SITUATION SEX SEX TRADE SEXUAL ABUSE SOLDIERS SUPPLY CHAINS TAX TAXI DRIVERS TAXIS TOLL TRANSIT TRANSPORT TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTS TRIP TRIPS TRUE UNDP URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTRES URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM VEHICLE VEHICLES VIOLENCE VIOLENT CONFLICT WAR WARS WEALTH WEAPON WEAPONS YOUNG MEN YOUNG WOMEN The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is poised on the edge of a machete blade. Despite the achievement of considerable peace-building successes throughout much of this central African state in recent years, the current activities of armed groups and the Congolese armed forces in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, have the potential to further destabilize the eastern provinces, and possibly even neighboring countries. Former combatants are prominent in the security and stability equation in the eastern DRC. The reason is that if this section of society has not been effectively disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated into civilian life, then they have the potential to return to arms. In this region, over 100,000 ex-combatants have been demobilized over the past decade in successive waves of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) interventions. Assessments and speculation about the reintegration of ex-combatants in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri have suggested that these individuals have become marginalized, and their reintegration into civilian society is precarious, thus making them vulnerable to further recruitment by armed groups. Some reports have even suggested that numerous former fighters have remilitarized in the mining areas in order to access mineral wealth. Consequently, research on the socio-economic reintegration of ex-combatants in the eastern DRC was undertaken by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), and funded by the Transitional Demobilization and Reintegration Program (TDRP) of the World Bank. North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri were the three geographical areas of focus, given the volatility and potential pivotal role of these areas in promoting and consolidating peace in the eastern DRC. The specific objectives of the research were to: 1) assess the processes of the socio-economic reintegration of former combatants into civilian life; 2) analyze the causes and dynamics of the current security situation (or lack thereof) in the three areas, and the implications for current and future DDR processes; and 3) evaluate the extent to which demobilized former combatants have been re-recruited into armed groups, including motivating and resilience factors. The research took place between February and September 2011, with the findings and analysis being presented in this report. 2017-05-31T19:52:51Z 2017-05-31T19:52:51Z 2012-02 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/208281468028477015/Rumours-of-peace-whispers-of-war-assessment-of-the-reintegration-of-ex-combatants-into-civilian-life-in-North-Kivu-South-Kivu-and-Ituri-Democratic-Republic-of-Congo http://hdl.handle.net/10986/26808 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Working Paper Publications & Research Africa Congo, Democratic Republic of