Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo
The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is poised on the edge of a machete blade. Despite the achievement of considerable peace-building successes throughout much of this central African state in recent years, the current activities of a...
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| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2017
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/208281468028477015/Rumours-of-peace-whispers-of-war-assessment-of-the-reintegration-of-ex-combatants-into-civilian-life-in-North-Kivu-South-Kivu-and-Ituri-Democratic-Republic-of-Congo http://hdl.handle.net/10986/26808 |
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okr-10986-26808 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ABUSE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ALLIANCE ALLIANCES ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS ARMED FORCES ARMED GROUPS BAN BATTLES BICYCLES BIKES BOUNDARIES BRIDGE BROTHELS CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES CHILD SOLDIERS CONFLICT CONVENTION COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN CRIME CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES CRIMINALITY DEFENCE DEMOBILIZATION DEPENDANTS DESERTIONS DEVELOPMENT CENTRE DISARMAMENT DISSEMINATION DRIVING DRUG DRUG TRAFFICKING DRUGS ECONOMIC COOPERATION ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC REINTEGRATION ELECTIONS ETHNIC GROUPS EX-COMBATANT EX-COMBATANTS EXCOMBATANTS EXPLOITATION FAMILY CONSUMPTION FEWER WOMEN FIGHTING FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS FORMER FIGHTERS FUEL FUEL COSTS GENOCIDE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN LIFE HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS HUMAN SECURITY HUSBANDS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INSUBORDINATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS LACK OF CAPACITY LEGAL PROTECTION LEGAL STATUS LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES LOCAL ECONOMY MASS VIOLENCE MEAT MILITARY PERSONNEL MILITARY REFORM MILITIA MINORITY NATIONAL AUTHORITIES NATIONAL LEGISLATION NATIONS NATURAL RESOURCES NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS PASSENGERS PEACE PEACE ACCORDS PEACE AGREEMENTS PEACEKEEPERS PEACEKEEPING PIRACY PITS POLICE POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION PRACTITIONERS PROGRESS PUBLIC INFORMATION RAPE RAPES REBEL REBELS RECONSTRUCTION REFUGEE REFUGEE CAMPS REFUGEES REMITTANCES REPATRIATION RESETTLEMENT RESPECT ROAD ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ROADS RURAL COMMUNITIES SAFETY SECURITY SITUATION SEX SEX TRADE SEXUAL ABUSE SOLDIERS SUPPLY CHAINS TAX TAXI DRIVERS TAXIS TOLL TRANSIT TRANSPORT TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTS TRIP TRIPS TRUE UNDP URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTRES URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM VEHICLE VEHICLES VIOLENCE VIOLENT CONFLICT WAR WARS WEALTH WEAPON WEAPONS YOUNG MEN YOUNG WOMEN |
| spellingShingle |
ABUSE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ALLIANCE ALLIANCES ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS ARMED FORCES ARMED GROUPS BAN BATTLES BICYCLES BIKES BOUNDARIES BRIDGE BROTHELS CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES CHILD SOLDIERS CONFLICT CONVENTION COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN CRIME CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES CRIMINALITY DEFENCE DEMOBILIZATION DEPENDANTS DESERTIONS DEVELOPMENT CENTRE DISARMAMENT DISSEMINATION DRIVING DRUG DRUG TRAFFICKING DRUGS ECONOMIC COOPERATION ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC REINTEGRATION ELECTIONS ETHNIC GROUPS EX-COMBATANT EX-COMBATANTS EXCOMBATANTS EXPLOITATION FAMILY CONSUMPTION FEWER WOMEN FIGHTING FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS FORMER FIGHTERS FUEL FUEL COSTS GENOCIDE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN LIFE HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS HUMAN SECURITY HUSBANDS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INSUBORDINATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS LACK OF CAPACITY LEGAL PROTECTION LEGAL STATUS LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES LOCAL ECONOMY MASS VIOLENCE MEAT MILITARY PERSONNEL MILITARY REFORM MILITIA MINORITY NATIONAL AUTHORITIES NATIONAL LEGISLATION NATIONS NATURAL RESOURCES NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS PASSENGERS PEACE PEACE ACCORDS PEACE AGREEMENTS PEACEKEEPERS PEACEKEEPING PIRACY PITS POLICE POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION PRACTITIONERS PROGRESS PUBLIC INFORMATION RAPE RAPES REBEL REBELS RECONSTRUCTION REFUGEE REFUGEE CAMPS REFUGEES REMITTANCES REPATRIATION RESETTLEMENT RESPECT ROAD ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ROADS RURAL COMMUNITIES SAFETY SECURITY SITUATION SEX SEX TRADE SEXUAL ABUSE SOLDIERS SUPPLY CHAINS TAX TAXI DRIVERS TAXIS TOLL TRANSIT TRANSPORT TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTS TRIP TRIPS TRUE UNDP URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTRES URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM VEHICLE VEHICLES VIOLENCE VIOLENT CONFLICT WAR WARS WEALTH WEAPON WEAPONS YOUNG MEN YOUNG WOMEN Lamb, Guy Alusala, Nelson Mthembu-Salter, Gregory Gasana, Jean-Marie Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo |
| geographic_facet |
Africa Congo, Democratic Republic of |
| description |
The eastern Democratic Republic of the
Congo (DRC) is poised on the edge of a machete blade.
Despite the achievement of considerable peace-building
successes throughout much of this central African state in
recent years, the current activities of armed groups and the
Congolese armed forces in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri,
have the potential to further destabilize the eastern
provinces, and possibly even neighboring countries. Former
combatants are prominent in the security and stability
equation in the eastern DRC. The reason is that if this
section of society has not been effectively disarmed,
demobilized and reintegrated into civilian life, then they
have the potential to return to arms. In this region, over
100,000 ex-combatants have been demobilized over the past
decade in successive waves of disarmament, demobilization
and reintegration (DDR) interventions. Assessments and
speculation about the reintegration of ex-combatants in
North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri have suggested that these
individuals have become marginalized, and their
reintegration into civilian society is precarious, thus
making them vulnerable to further recruitment by armed
groups. Some reports have even suggested that numerous
former fighters have remilitarized in the mining areas in
order to access mineral wealth. Consequently, research on
the socio-economic reintegration of ex-combatants in the
eastern DRC was undertaken by the Institute for Security
Studies (ISS), and funded by the Transitional Demobilization
and Reintegration Program (TDRP) of the World Bank. North
Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri were the three geographical areas
of focus, given the volatility and potential pivotal role of
these areas in promoting and consolidating peace in the
eastern DRC. The specific objectives of the research were
to: 1) assess the processes of the socio-economic
reintegration of former combatants into civilian life; 2)
analyze the causes and dynamics of the current security
situation (or lack thereof) in the three areas, and the
implications for current and future DDR processes; and 3)
evaluate the extent to which demobilized former combatants
have been re-recruited into armed groups, including
motivating and resilience factors. The research took place
between February and September 2011, with the findings and
analysis being presented in this report. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| author |
Lamb, Guy Alusala, Nelson Mthembu-Salter, Gregory Gasana, Jean-Marie |
| author_facet |
Lamb, Guy Alusala, Nelson Mthembu-Salter, Gregory Gasana, Jean-Marie |
| author_sort |
Lamb, Guy |
| title |
Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo |
| title_short |
Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo |
| title_full |
Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo |
| title_fullStr |
Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo |
| title_sort |
rumours of peace, whispers of war : assessment of the reintegration of ex-combatants into civilian life in north kivu, south kivu, and ituri, democratic republic of congo |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/208281468028477015/Rumours-of-peace-whispers-of-war-assessment-of-the-reintegration-of-ex-combatants-into-civilian-life-in-North-Kivu-South-Kivu-and-Ituri-Democratic-Republic-of-Congo http://hdl.handle.net/10986/26808 |
| _version_ |
1764462681024102400 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-268082021-04-23T14:04:37Z Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo Lamb, Guy Alusala, Nelson Mthembu-Salter, Gregory Gasana, Jean-Marie ABUSE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ALLIANCE ALLIANCES ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS ARMED FORCES ARMED GROUPS BAN BATTLES BICYCLES BIKES BOUNDARIES BRIDGE BROTHELS CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES CHILD SOLDIERS CONFLICT CONVENTION COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN CRIME CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES CRIMINALITY DEFENCE DEMOBILIZATION DEPENDANTS DESERTIONS DEVELOPMENT CENTRE DISARMAMENT DISSEMINATION DRIVING DRUG DRUG TRAFFICKING DRUGS ECONOMIC COOPERATION ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC REINTEGRATION ELECTIONS ETHNIC GROUPS EX-COMBATANT EX-COMBATANTS EXCOMBATANTS EXPLOITATION FAMILY CONSUMPTION FEWER WOMEN FIGHTING FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS FORMER FIGHTERS FUEL FUEL COSTS GENOCIDE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN LIFE HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS HUMAN SECURITY HUSBANDS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INSUBORDINATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS LACK OF CAPACITY LEGAL PROTECTION LEGAL STATUS LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES LOCAL ECONOMY MASS VIOLENCE MEAT MILITARY PERSONNEL MILITARY REFORM MILITIA MINORITY NATIONAL AUTHORITIES NATIONAL LEGISLATION NATIONS NATURAL RESOURCES NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS PASSENGERS PEACE PEACE ACCORDS PEACE AGREEMENTS PEACEKEEPERS PEACEKEEPING PIRACY PITS POLICE POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION PRACTITIONERS PROGRESS PUBLIC INFORMATION RAPE RAPES REBEL REBELS RECONSTRUCTION REFUGEE REFUGEE CAMPS REFUGEES REMITTANCES REPATRIATION RESETTLEMENT RESPECT ROAD ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ROADS RURAL COMMUNITIES SAFETY SECURITY SITUATION SEX SEX TRADE SEXUAL ABUSE SOLDIERS SUPPLY CHAINS TAX TAXI DRIVERS TAXIS TOLL TRANSIT TRANSPORT TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTS TRIP TRIPS TRUE UNDP URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTRES URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM VEHICLE VEHICLES VIOLENCE VIOLENT CONFLICT WAR WARS WEALTH WEAPON WEAPONS YOUNG MEN YOUNG WOMEN The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is poised on the edge of a machete blade. Despite the achievement of considerable peace-building successes throughout much of this central African state in recent years, the current activities of armed groups and the Congolese armed forces in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, have the potential to further destabilize the eastern provinces, and possibly even neighboring countries. Former combatants are prominent in the security and stability equation in the eastern DRC. The reason is that if this section of society has not been effectively disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated into civilian life, then they have the potential to return to arms. In this region, over 100,000 ex-combatants have been demobilized over the past decade in successive waves of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) interventions. Assessments and speculation about the reintegration of ex-combatants in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri have suggested that these individuals have become marginalized, and their reintegration into civilian society is precarious, thus making them vulnerable to further recruitment by armed groups. Some reports have even suggested that numerous former fighters have remilitarized in the mining areas in order to access mineral wealth. Consequently, research on the socio-economic reintegration of ex-combatants in the eastern DRC was undertaken by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), and funded by the Transitional Demobilization and Reintegration Program (TDRP) of the World Bank. North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri were the three geographical areas of focus, given the volatility and potential pivotal role of these areas in promoting and consolidating peace in the eastern DRC. The specific objectives of the research were to: 1) assess the processes of the socio-economic reintegration of former combatants into civilian life; 2) analyze the causes and dynamics of the current security situation (or lack thereof) in the three areas, and the implications for current and future DDR processes; and 3) evaluate the extent to which demobilized former combatants have been re-recruited into armed groups, including motivating and resilience factors. The research took place between February and September 2011, with the findings and analysis being presented in this report. 2017-05-31T19:52:51Z 2017-05-31T19:52:51Z 2012-02 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/208281468028477015/Rumours-of-peace-whispers-of-war-assessment-of-the-reintegration-of-ex-combatants-into-civilian-life-in-North-Kivu-South-Kivu-and-Ituri-Democratic-Republic-of-Congo http://hdl.handle.net/10986/26808 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Working Paper Publications & Research Africa Congo, Democratic Republic of |