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4“… powerful weapon in the Seljuk and the Ottoman empire. In addition to being a powerful weapon of war…”
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5by Islam, Arshad“…. Contemporaneous Ottoman efforts to counter European imperialism led to Sultan Abdul Hamid II’s (r. 1876-1909…”
Published 2018
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6by Arshad Islam, Islam“…. Contemporaneous Ottoman efforts to counter European imperialism led to Sultan Abdul Hamid II’s (r. 1876-1909…”
Published 2019
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7(Role of Hadhrami Arab in political influence of the Johore Sultanate in the early 20 the century...by Nurulwahidah Fauzi“… and Ottoman Empire. Historical record that lasted a result of this relationship saw the appointment of six…”
Published 2012
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8by Ermy Azziaty Rozali“…, support and credence from the Ottoman Empire. Under the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909) he…”
Published 2014
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9by Kayadibi, Saim“…: the beginning of the thirteenth century, the pan-Islamic era of Sultan Abdulhamid II, and after the Ottoman…”
Published 2012
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10by Islam, Arshad“… Empires in the Middle East, unifying the Muslim lands of the Abbasid east and giving a new impetus…”
Published 2012
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