The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties

In this study, an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines called tri-fuel emulsion was prepared using an ultrasonic emulsifier. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of emulsifying settings and formulation ratio on the physicochemical properties of tri-fuel emulsions...

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Main Authors:	M. Mukhtar, N. A., Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz, Hagos, F. Y., M. M., Noor, K., Kadirgama, R., Mamat, Abdul Adam, Abdullah
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2019
Subjects:	TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TS Manufactures
Online Access:	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/1/The%20influence%20of%20formulation%20ratio%20and%20emulsifying%20settings%20.pdf

id	ump-25566
recordtype	eprints
spelling	ump-255662019-11-19T09:00:27Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/ The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties M. Mukhtar, N. A. Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz Hagos, F. Y. M. M., Noor K., Kadirgama R., Mamat Abdul Adam, Abdullah TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TS Manufactures In this study, an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines called tri-fuel emulsion was prepared using an ultrasonic emulsifier. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of emulsifying settings and formulation ratio on the physicochemical properties of tri-fuel emulsions. Design of experiment (DOE) with the two-level factorial design was employed to analyze the effect of emulsifying settings such as time, amplitude, and cycle along with the variation ratio of tri-fuel emulsion components as control factors. Numbers of responses identified were important parameters that may contribute to microexplosion phenomenon in CI engine. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out for each response, and the results indicated that density, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, and average droplet size were influenced by specific preparation control factors. Furthermore, interaction among the control factors was found to affect the responses as well. Interaction means the effect of two factors together is different than what would be expected from each factor separately. Besides, the stability of the tri-fuel emulsion was observed for three months. Furthermore, a qualitative approach with a multiobjective lens digital microscope revealed the geometry of freshly made dispersed tri-fuel emulsion droplets. Microscopic examination on tri-fuel emulsion droplets has shown that the dispersed ethanol capsulated within diesel with the help of biodiesel is similar to a water in diesel emulsion and is dissimilar to commercial diesel mixed with fatty acid methyl esters found in the market. MDPI AG 2019-05-06 Article PeerReviewed pdf en cc_by_4 http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/1/The%20influence%20of%20formulation%20ratio%20and%20emulsifying%20settings%20.pdf M. Mukhtar, N. A. and Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz and Hagos, F. Y. and M. M., Noor and K., Kadirgama and R., Mamat and Abdul Adam, Abdullah (2019) The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties. Energies, 12 (9). pp. 1-24. ISSN 1996-1073 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091708 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091708
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Local University
institution	Universiti Malaysia Pahang
building	UMP Institutional Repository
collection	Online Access
language	English
topic	TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TS Manufactures
spellingShingle	TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TS Manufactures M. Mukhtar, N. A. Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz Hagos, F. Y. M. M., Noor K., Kadirgama R., Mamat Abdul Adam, Abdullah The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
description	In this study, an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines called tri-fuel emulsion was prepared using an ultrasonic emulsifier. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of emulsifying settings and formulation ratio on the physicochemical properties of tri-fuel emulsions. Design of experiment (DOE) with the two-level factorial design was employed to analyze the effect of emulsifying settings such as time, amplitude, and cycle along with the variation ratio of tri-fuel emulsion components as control factors. Numbers of responses identified were important parameters that may contribute to microexplosion phenomenon in CI engine. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out for each response, and the results indicated that density, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, and average droplet size were influenced by specific preparation control factors. Furthermore, interaction among the control factors was found to affect the responses as well. Interaction means the effect of two factors together is different than what would be expected from each factor separately. Besides, the stability of the tri-fuel emulsion was observed for three months. Furthermore, a qualitative approach with a multiobjective lens digital microscope revealed the geometry of freshly made dispersed tri-fuel emulsion droplets. Microscopic examination on tri-fuel emulsion droplets has shown that the dispersed ethanol capsulated within diesel with the help of biodiesel is similar to a water in diesel emulsion and is dissimilar to commercial diesel mixed with fatty acid methyl esters found in the market.
format	Article
author	M. Mukhtar, N. A. Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz Hagos, F. Y. M. M., Noor K., Kadirgama R., Mamat Abdul Adam, Abdullah
author_facet	M. Mukhtar, N. A. Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz Hagos, F. Y. M. M., Noor K., Kadirgama R., Mamat Abdul Adam, Abdullah
author_sort	M. Mukhtar, N. A.
title	The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
title_short	The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
title_full	The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
title_fullStr	The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
title_full_unstemmed	The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
title_sort	influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2019
url	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/1/The%20influence%20of%20formulation%20ratio%20and%20emulsifying%20settings%20.pdf
first_indexed	2023-09-18T22:39:19Z
last_indexed	2023-09-18T22:39:19Z
_version_	1777416808484044800

The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties

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