Spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in Kelantan, Malaysia

The determination of the high-risk area and clusters of typhoid cases is critical in typhoid control. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the epidemiology and spatial distribution of typhoid in four selected districts in Kelantan using GIS (geographical information system). A tota...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Shamsul Azhar Shah, Hiroshi Suzuki, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, Reiko Saito, Nazarudin Safian, Shaharudin Idrus
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2012
Online Access:	http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5306/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5306/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5306/1/15%2520Shamsul.pdf

id	ukm-5306
recordtype	eprints
spelling	ukm-53062016-12-14T06:38:03Z http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5306/ Spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in Kelantan, Malaysia Shamsul Azhar Shah, Hiroshi Suzuki, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, Reiko Saito, Nazarudin Safian, Shaharudin Idrus, The determination of the high-risk area and clusters of typhoid cases is critical in typhoid control. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the epidemiology and spatial distribution of typhoid in four selected districts in Kelantan using GIS (geographical information system). A total of 1215 (99%) of the cases were coordinated with GPS (global positioning system) and mapping was done using ArcGIS 9.2. Spatial analysis was performed to determine the cluster and high-risk area of typhoid. Results showed that typhoid incidence was not associated with race and sex. Most affected were from the age group of 5-14 followed by 15-24 year olds. Nine sub-districts were categorized as highly endemic. In addition typhoid has shown a significant tendency to cluster and a total of 22 hotspots were found in Kota Bharu, Bachok and Tumpat with a few sub districts identified as high risk for typhoid. No significant relationships between the treated water ratio and flood risk area were found with the cluster of cases. The cluster of typhoid cases in the endemic area did not appear to be related to environmental risk factors. Understanding the characteristics of these clusters would enable the prevention of typhoid disease in the future. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2012-07 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5306/1/15%2520Shamsul.pdf Shamsul Azhar Shah, and Hiroshi Suzuki, and Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, and Reiko Saito, and Nazarudin Safian, and Shaharudin Idrus, (2012) Spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in Kelantan, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana, 41 (7). pp. 911-919. ISSN 0126-6039 http://www.ukm.my/jsm/contents.html
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Local University
institution	Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia
building	UKM Institutional Repository
collection	Online Access
language	English
description	The determination of the high-risk area and clusters of typhoid cases is critical in typhoid control. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the epidemiology and spatial distribution of typhoid in four selected districts in Kelantan using GIS (geographical information system). A total of 1215 (99%) of the cases were coordinated with GPS (global positioning system) and mapping was done using ArcGIS 9.2. Spatial analysis was performed to determine the cluster and high-risk area of typhoid. Results showed that typhoid incidence was not associated with race and sex. Most affected were from the age group of 5-14 followed by 15-24 year olds. Nine sub-districts were categorized as highly endemic. In addition typhoid has shown a significant tendency to cluster and a total of 22 hotspots were found in Kota Bharu, Bachok and Tumpat with a few sub districts identified as high risk for typhoid. No significant relationships between the treated water ratio and flood risk area were found with the cluster of cases. The cluster of typhoid cases in the endemic area did not appear to be related to environmental risk factors. Understanding the characteristics of these clusters would enable the prevention of typhoid disease in the future.
format	Article
author	Shamsul Azhar Shah, Hiroshi Suzuki, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, Reiko Saito, Nazarudin Safian, Shaharudin Idrus,
spellingShingle	Shamsul Azhar Shah, Hiroshi Suzuki, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, Reiko Saito, Nazarudin Safian, Shaharudin Idrus, Spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in Kelantan, Malaysia
author_facet	Shamsul Azhar Shah, Hiroshi Suzuki, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, Reiko Saito, Nazarudin Safian, Shaharudin Idrus,
author_sort	Shamsul Azhar Shah,
title	Spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in Kelantan, Malaysia
title_short	Spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in Kelantan, Malaysia
title_full	Spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in Kelantan, Malaysia
title_fullStr	Spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in Kelantan, Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed	Spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in Kelantan, Malaysia
title_sort	spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in kelantan, malaysia
publisher	Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
publishDate	2012
url	http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5306/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5306/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5306/1/15%2520Shamsul.pdf
first_indexed	2023-09-18T19:43:46Z
last_indexed	2023-09-18T19:43:46Z
_version_	1777405763429335040

Spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in Kelantan, Malaysia

Similar Items