Iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia

Introduction Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) during pregnancy may impair the neurological development of the fetus. The aim of this study is to determine the iodine status among pregnant women (PW) in Sarawak after introduction of mandatory universal salt iodisation (USI) for seven years. Method...

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Main Authors:	Lim, Kuang Kuay, Chan, Ying Ying, Nur Azna Mahmud, Tan, Beng Chin, Hasimah Ismail, Chua, Boon Kee, Foo, Leng Huat
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2018
Online Access:	http://journalarticle.ukm.my/12708/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/12708/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/12708/1/216-1061-1-PB.pdf

id	ukm-12708
recordtype	eprints
spelling	ukm-127082019-03-21T21:33:46Z http://journalarticle.ukm.my/12708/ Iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia Lim, Kuang Kuay Chan, Ying Ying Nur Azna Mahmud, Tan, Beng Chin Hasimah Ismail, Chua, Boon Kee Foo, Leng Huat Introduction Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) during pregnancy may impair the neurological development of the fetus. The aim of this study is to determine the iodine status among pregnant women (PW) in Sarawak after introduction of mandatory universal salt iodisation (USI) for seven years. Methods A total of 508 first trimester PW attending government Maternal and Child Health Care clinics in all 11 divisions in Sarawak between 1st April and 15th June 2015 were recruited. Urine samples were obtained and analysed for urinary iodine concentration (UIC) using the modified Sandell-Kolthoff reaction method. For pregnant women, an adequate iodine intake was defined as a median UIC between 150-249 μg/L according to the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD’s criterion. For further analyses, the 11 divisions were then combined into 3 regions, namely Northern (Miri, Bintulu, Limbang), Central (Kapit, Mukah, Sibu, Sarikei, Betong) and Southern (Kota Samarahan, Kuching, Sri Aman). Results The median UIC of the PW in Sarawak was 105.6 μg/L, indicating iodine deficiency. A total of 330 (65.0%) PW had UIC<150 μg/L. In terms of urinary iodine levels by region, the median UIC in Northern, Central and Southern regions were 136.3 μg/L, 85.5 μg/L and 97.4 μg/L respectively. The differences in median UIC between regions were significant. In addition, the Northern region (p = 0.001), Malay/Melanau ethnicity (p = 0.015) and parous parity (p = 0.014) were significantly associated with higher median UIC. No significant association was found for locality, age nor gravida. Conclusions This study indicates inadequate iodine status among PW in Sarawak despite seven years of mandatory USI. In fact, the majority of PW appear not to be protected against IDD and its consequences. In future, a comprehensive study should be carried out to determine the levels of iodine in salt at the retail outlets, villages and households in Sarawak. Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2018 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://journalarticle.ukm.my/12708/1/216-1061-1-PB.pdf Lim, Kuang Kuay and Chan, Ying Ying and Nur Azna Mahmud, and Tan, Beng Chin and Hasimah Ismail, and Chua, Boon Kee and Foo, Leng Huat (2018) Iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Public Health Research, 8 . pp. 980-986. ISSN 2232-0245 http://spaj.ukm.my/ijphr/index.php/ijphr/issue/view/23
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Local University
institution	Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia
building	UKM Institutional Repository
collection	Online Access
language	English
description	Introduction Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) during pregnancy may impair the neurological development of the fetus. The aim of this study is to determine the iodine status among pregnant women (PW) in Sarawak after introduction of mandatory universal salt iodisation (USI) for seven years. Methods A total of 508 first trimester PW attending government Maternal and Child Health Care clinics in all 11 divisions in Sarawak between 1st April and 15th June 2015 were recruited. Urine samples were obtained and analysed for urinary iodine concentration (UIC) using the modified Sandell-Kolthoff reaction method. For pregnant women, an adequate iodine intake was defined as a median UIC between 150-249 μg/L according to the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD’s criterion. For further analyses, the 11 divisions were then combined into 3 regions, namely Northern (Miri, Bintulu, Limbang), Central (Kapit, Mukah, Sibu, Sarikei, Betong) and Southern (Kota Samarahan, Kuching, Sri Aman). Results The median UIC of the PW in Sarawak was 105.6 μg/L, indicating iodine deficiency. A total of 330 (65.0%) PW had UIC<150 μg/L. In terms of urinary iodine levels by region, the median UIC in Northern, Central and Southern regions were 136.3 μg/L, 85.5 μg/L and 97.4 μg/L respectively. The differences in median UIC between regions were significant. In addition, the Northern region (p = 0.001), Malay/Melanau ethnicity (p = 0.015) and parous parity (p = 0.014) were significantly associated with higher median UIC. No significant association was found for locality, age nor gravida. Conclusions This study indicates inadequate iodine status among PW in Sarawak despite seven years of mandatory USI. In fact, the majority of PW appear not to be protected against IDD and its consequences. In future, a comprehensive study should be carried out to determine the levels of iodine in salt at the retail outlets, villages and households in Sarawak.
format	Article
author	Lim, Kuang Kuay Chan, Ying Ying Nur Azna Mahmud, Tan, Beng Chin Hasimah Ismail, Chua, Boon Kee Foo, Leng Huat
spellingShingle	Lim, Kuang Kuay Chan, Ying Ying Nur Azna Mahmud, Tan, Beng Chin Hasimah Ismail, Chua, Boon Kee Foo, Leng Huat Iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia
author_facet	Lim, Kuang Kuay Chan, Ying Ying Nur Azna Mahmud, Tan, Beng Chin Hasimah Ismail, Chua, Boon Kee Foo, Leng Huat
author_sort	Lim, Kuang Kuay
title	Iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia
title_short	Iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia
title_full	Iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia
title_fullStr	Iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed	Iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia
title_sort	iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women in sarawak, malaysia
publisher	Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
publishDate	2018
url	http://journalarticle.ukm.my/12708/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/12708/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/12708/1/216-1061-1-PB.pdf
first_indexed	2023-09-18T20:03:12Z
last_indexed	2023-09-18T20:03:12Z
_version_	1777406986614210560

Iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia

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