Gender, Geography and Generations : Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India

India experienced sustained economic growth for more than two decades following the economic liberalization in 1991. While economic growth reduced poverty significantly, it was associated with an increase in inequality. Does this increase in inequality reflect deep-seated inequality of opportunity o...

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Main Authors:	Emran, M. Shahe, Shilpi, Forhad
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO QUALITY EDUCATION ADULTS AGE AT MARRIAGE AGE COHORT AGE GROUPS AGRICULTURE AVERAGE LEVEL OF EDUCATION BIRTH ORDER CHILD CARE CHILD EDUCATION CHILD REARING CHILDHOOD CHILDREN PER FAMILY CULTURAL CHANGE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC STATUS ECONOMICS EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION OF CHILDREN EDUCATION VARIABLES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY FAMILY BACKGROUND FAMILY COMPOSITION FAMILY ENVIRONMENT FAMILY HEALTH FAMILY SIZE FAMILY STRUCTURE FAMILY WELFARE FARMERS FEED FIRST MARRIAGE GAP BETWEEN BOYS GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GENERATIONS GENETICS GIRLS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL IDEAS INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INEQUALITY INCOMES INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS INHERITANCE INVESTMENT IN CHILDREN INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION KIDS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LARGE CITIES LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY LIVING STANDARDS LOW INCOME MARKET INTERACTIONS MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN MINISTRY OF HEALTH MOTHER MOTHERS NEW ENTRANTS OLD AGE PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT PARENTAL SKILLS PARENTS PLACE OF RESIDENCE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL INSTABILITY POOR FAMILIES POPULATION CENSUS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLING PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SCHOOLING PRIVATE SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRESS PUBLIC SCHOOLS QUALITY EDUCATION REMITTANCES RESPECT RETURNS TO EDUCATION RICHER COUNTRIES ROLE MODELS ROLE OF GENDER RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL WOMEN SCHOOL QUALITY SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECONDARY SCHOOLS SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIAL MOBILITY SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL RESEARCH SOCIETY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOCIOLOGY SON PREFERENCE SPOUSE TERTIARY EDUCATION TUITION UNIVERSAL ACCESS UNIVERSAL ENROLLMENT URBAN AREAS URBAN WOMEN YOUNG ADULT YOUNG WOMEN
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/05/16251929/gender-geography-generations-intergenerational-educational-mobility-post-reform-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9362

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spelling	okr-10986-93622021-04-23T14:02:44Z Gender, Geography and Generations : Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India Emran, M. Shahe Shilpi, Forhad ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO QUALITY EDUCATION ADULTS AGE AT MARRIAGE AGE COHORT AGE GROUPS AGRICULTURE AVERAGE LEVEL OF EDUCATION BIRTH ORDER CHILD CARE CHILD EDUCATION CHILD REARING CHILDHOOD CHILDREN PER FAMILY CULTURAL CHANGE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC STATUS ECONOMICS EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION OF CHILDREN EDUCATION VARIABLES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY FAMILY BACKGROUND FAMILY COMPOSITION FAMILY ENVIRONMENT FAMILY HEALTH FAMILY SIZE FAMILY STRUCTURE FAMILY WELFARE FARMERS FEED FIRST MARRIAGE GAP BETWEEN BOYS GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GENERATIONS GENETICS GIRLS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL IDEAS INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INEQUALITY INCOMES INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS INHERITANCE INVESTMENT IN CHILDREN INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION KIDS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LARGE CITIES LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY LIVING STANDARDS LOW INCOME MARKET INTERACTIONS MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN MINISTRY OF HEALTH MOTHER MOTHERS NEW ENTRANTS OLD AGE PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT PARENTAL SKILLS PARENTS PLACE OF RESIDENCE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL INSTABILITY POOR FAMILIES POPULATION CENSUS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLING PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SCHOOLING PRIVATE SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRESS PUBLIC SCHOOLS QUALITY EDUCATION REMITTANCES RESPECT RETURNS TO EDUCATION RICHER COUNTRIES ROLE MODELS ROLE OF GENDER RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL WOMEN SCHOOL QUALITY SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECONDARY SCHOOLS SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIAL MOBILITY SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL RESEARCH SOCIETY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOCIOLOGY SON PREFERENCE SPOUSE TERTIARY EDUCATION TUITION UNIVERSAL ACCESS UNIVERSAL ENROLLMENT URBAN AREAS URBAN WOMEN YOUNG ADULT YOUNG WOMEN India experienced sustained economic growth for more than two decades following the economic liberalization in 1991. While economic growth reduced poverty significantly, it was associated with an increase in inequality. Does this increase in inequality reflect deep-seated inequality of opportunity or efficient incentive structure in a market oriented economy? This paper provides evidence on economic mobility in post-reform India by focusing on the educational attainment of children. It uses two related measures of immobility: sibling and intergenerational correlations. The paper analyzes the trends in and patterns of educational mobility from 1992/93 to 2006, with a special emphasis on the roles played by gender and geography. The evidence shows that family background plays a strong role; the estimated sibling correlation in India in 2006 is higher than the available estimates for Latin American countries. There is a persistent gender gap in rural and less-developed areas. The only group that experienced substantial improvements is women in urban and developed areas, with the lower caste women benefiting the most. Almost 70 percent of the variance in children's education can be accounted for by parental education and geographic location. The authors provide possible explanations for the apparently puzzling improvements for urban women in a country with strong son preference. 2012-06-29T22:26:26Z 2012-06-29T22:26:26Z 2012-05 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/05/16251929/gender-geography-generations-intergenerational-educational-mobility-post-reform-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9362 English Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6055 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research South Asia India
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO QUALITY EDUCATION ADULTS AGE AT MARRIAGE AGE COHORT AGE GROUPS AGRICULTURE AVERAGE LEVEL OF EDUCATION BIRTH ORDER CHILD CARE CHILD EDUCATION CHILD REARING CHILDHOOD CHILDREN PER FAMILY CULTURAL CHANGE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC STATUS ECONOMICS EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION OF CHILDREN EDUCATION VARIABLES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY FAMILY BACKGROUND FAMILY COMPOSITION FAMILY ENVIRONMENT FAMILY HEALTH FAMILY SIZE FAMILY STRUCTURE FAMILY WELFARE FARMERS FEED FIRST MARRIAGE GAP BETWEEN BOYS GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GENERATIONS GENETICS GIRLS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL IDEAS INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INEQUALITY INCOMES INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS INHERITANCE INVESTMENT IN CHILDREN INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION KIDS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LARGE CITIES LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY LIVING STANDARDS LOW INCOME MARKET INTERACTIONS MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN MINISTRY OF HEALTH MOTHER MOTHERS NEW ENTRANTS OLD AGE PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT PARENTAL SKILLS PARENTS PLACE OF RESIDENCE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL INSTABILITY POOR FAMILIES POPULATION CENSUS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLING PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SCHOOLING PRIVATE SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRESS PUBLIC SCHOOLS QUALITY EDUCATION REMITTANCES RESPECT RETURNS TO EDUCATION RICHER COUNTRIES ROLE MODELS ROLE OF GENDER RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL WOMEN SCHOOL QUALITY SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECONDARY SCHOOLS SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIAL MOBILITY SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL RESEARCH SOCIETY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOCIOLOGY SON PREFERENCE SPOUSE TERTIARY EDUCATION TUITION UNIVERSAL ACCESS UNIVERSAL ENROLLMENT URBAN AREAS URBAN WOMEN YOUNG ADULT YOUNG WOMEN
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO QUALITY EDUCATION ADULTS AGE AT MARRIAGE AGE COHORT AGE GROUPS AGRICULTURE AVERAGE LEVEL OF EDUCATION BIRTH ORDER CHILD CARE CHILD EDUCATION CHILD REARING CHILDHOOD CHILDREN PER FAMILY CULTURAL CHANGE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC STATUS ECONOMICS EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION OF CHILDREN EDUCATION VARIABLES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY FAMILY BACKGROUND FAMILY COMPOSITION FAMILY ENVIRONMENT FAMILY HEALTH FAMILY SIZE FAMILY STRUCTURE FAMILY WELFARE FARMERS FEED FIRST MARRIAGE GAP BETWEEN BOYS GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GENERATIONS GENETICS GIRLS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL IDEAS INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INEQUALITY INCOMES INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS INHERITANCE INVESTMENT IN CHILDREN INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION KIDS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LARGE CITIES LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY LIVING STANDARDS LOW INCOME MARKET INTERACTIONS MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN MINISTRY OF HEALTH MOTHER MOTHERS NEW ENTRANTS OLD AGE PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT PARENTAL SKILLS PARENTS PLACE OF RESIDENCE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL INSTABILITY POOR FAMILIES POPULATION CENSUS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLING PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SCHOOLING PRIVATE SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRESS PUBLIC SCHOOLS QUALITY EDUCATION REMITTANCES RESPECT RETURNS TO EDUCATION RICHER COUNTRIES ROLE MODELS ROLE OF GENDER RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL WOMEN SCHOOL QUALITY SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECONDARY SCHOOLS SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIAL MOBILITY SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL RESEARCH SOCIETY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOCIOLOGY SON PREFERENCE SPOUSE TERTIARY EDUCATION TUITION UNIVERSAL ACCESS UNIVERSAL ENROLLMENT URBAN AREAS URBAN WOMEN YOUNG ADULT YOUNG WOMEN Emran, M. Shahe Shilpi, Forhad Gender, Geography and Generations : Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India
geographic_facet	South Asia India
relation	Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6055
description	India experienced sustained economic growth for more than two decades following the economic liberalization in 1991. While economic growth reduced poverty significantly, it was associated with an increase in inequality. Does this increase in inequality reflect deep-seated inequality of opportunity or efficient incentive structure in a market oriented economy? This paper provides evidence on economic mobility in post-reform India by focusing on the educational attainment of children. It uses two related measures of immobility: sibling and intergenerational correlations. The paper analyzes the trends in and patterns of educational mobility from 1992/93 to 2006, with a special emphasis on the roles played by gender and geography. The evidence shows that family background plays a strong role; the estimated sibling correlation in India in 2006 is higher than the available estimates for Latin American countries. There is a persistent gender gap in rural and less-developed areas. The only group that experienced substantial improvements is women in urban and developed areas, with the lower caste women benefiting the most. Almost 70 percent of the variance in children's education can be accounted for by parental education and geographic location. The authors provide possible explanations for the apparently puzzling improvements for urban women in a country with strong son preference.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Emran, M. Shahe Shilpi, Forhad
author_facet	Emran, M. Shahe Shilpi, Forhad
author_sort	Emran, M. Shahe
title	Gender, Geography and Generations : Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India
title_short	Gender, Geography and Generations : Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India
title_full	Gender, Geography and Generations : Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India
title_fullStr	Gender, Geography and Generations : Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India
title_full_unstemmed	Gender, Geography and Generations : Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India
title_sort	gender, geography and generations : intergenerational educational mobility in post-reform india
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2012
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/05/16251929/gender-geography-generations-intergenerational-educational-mobility-post-reform-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9362
_version_	1764409113980174336

Gender, Geography and Generations : Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India

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