Egypt - Next Step Recommendations for Affordable Housing Policy and the National Housing Program : Mortgaged-Linked Subsidies and Housing Supply considerations

At the request of the Government of Egypt (GOE), the objective of this brief note is to provide concise recommendations on next steps for the National Housing Program (NHP). These recommendations and policy analysis are an elaboration of the framew...

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Main Author: World Bank
Format: Other Urban Study
Language:English
Published: Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:
TAX
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/06/15961749/egypt-next-step-recommendations-affordable-housing-policy-national-housing-program-mortgaged-linked-subsidies-housing-supply-considerations
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7956
id okr-10986-7956
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
topic ACCESS TO MORTGAGE
ACCOUNTING
AFFORDABILITY
AFFORDABLE HOUSING
AFFORDABLE HOUSING LOAN
BALANCE SHEETS
BENEFICIARIES
BENEFICIARY
BORROWING
BROKER
BUILDING CODES
BUILDING INDUSTRY
CAPITAL GAINS
CAPITAL RETURNS
CASH PAYMENT
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANK OF EGYPT
COLLATERAL
CONCESSIONARY RATES
CONTRACTUAL SAVINGS
COOPERATIVES
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
COST OF HOUSING
CREDIT POLICY
CREDIT PRODUCT
CREDIT RISK
CREDITS
CURRENCY
DECENTRALIZATION
DEMOGRAPHIC
DEPOSIT
DESCRIPTION
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DISABLED
DIVERSIFICATION
DOWN PAYMENT
DOWN PAYMENTS
EARNINGS
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
ELIGIBLE BORROWERS
EMPLOYMENT
ENDOWMENTS
ENTREPRENEUR
EQUITABLE ACCESS
ESCROW ACCOUNT
EVICTION
EXCHANGE RATE
EXPOSURE
FACILITATION
FAMILIES
FEMALE
FINANCE COMPANIES
FINANCE COMPANY
FINANCES
FINANCIAL ADVISOR
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
FINANCIAL BURDEN
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL COST
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FIXED RATE
FIXED RATE LOANS
FLOW OF FUNDS
GOVERNMENT HOUSING
GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY
GRACE PERIOD
GREATER ACCESS
HARMONIZATION
HOLDING
HOLDING COMPANY
HOME IMPROVEMENTS
HOME OWNERSHIP
HOMEOWNERSHIP
HOMES
HOUSEHOLD ACCESS
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSES
HOUSING AFFORDABILITY
HOUSING DEMAND
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
HOUSING FINANCE
HOUSING MARKET
HOUSING MARKETS
HOUSING NEEDS
HOUSING POLICY
HOUSING PROGRAMS
HOUSING SUBSIDIES
HOUSING SUBSIDY
HOUSING SUPPLY
HOUSING UNITS
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
INCOME GROUPS
INCOMES
INFLATION
INFLATIONARY EXPECTATIONS
INFORMAL HOUSING
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
INFORMATION SYSTEM
INSTALLMENT
INSTALLMENTS
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE PREMIUMS
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERVENTION
INTERVENTIONS
INVESTMENT BANK
LAND DEVELOPMENT
LAND HOLDINGS
LAND ISSUES
LAND MARKET
LAND PARCELS
LAND PRICES
LAND PRICING
LAND USE
LAWS
LENDERS
LIVING CONDITIONS
LOAN AMOUNT
LOAN AMOUNTS
LOAN PRODUCTS
LOAN SIZE
LONG-TERM MORTGAGE
LOW-INCOME FAMILIES
MARKET CONDITIONS
MARKET CONSTRAINTS
MARKET DEVELOPMENT
MARKET EXPANSION
MARKET FAILURES
MARKET INEFFICIENCIES
MARKET INTEREST
MARKET INTEREST RATE
MARKET INTEREST RATES
MARKET PRICE
MARKET REGULATION
MARKET REGULATIONS
MARKET SEGMENTATION
MARKET TRENDS
MARKET VALUE
MAXIMUM LOAN AMOUNT
MICRO-LOANS
MORTGAGE
MORTGAGE CREDIT
MORTGAGE FINANCE
MORTGAGE FINANCES
MORTGAGE INSTRUMENTS
MORTGAGE INSURANCE
MORTGAGE LAW
MORTGAGE LENDERS
MORTGAGE LENDING
MORTGAGE LOAN
MORTGAGE LOANS
MORTGAGE MARKET
MORTGAGE RATES
MORTGAGES
NATIONAL BANK
NATIONAL INVESTMENT
NEGATIVE AMORTIZATION
NEIGHBORHOOD
NEIGHBORHOODS
NEW PRODUCT
NEW TOWNS
OPEN MARKET
OPPORTUNITY COST
PHYSICAL PLANNING
PORTFOLIO
PRESENT VALUE
PRICE CAPS
PRIVATE BANKS
PRIVATE HOUSING
PRIVATE MARKET
PRIVATE MORTGAGE
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
PRIVATE SECTOR LENDERS
PROPERTY RIGHTS
PUBLIC BANKS
PUBLIC HOUSING
PUBLIC LENDERS
PUBLIC SUBSIDIES
PUBLIC SUBSIDY
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
PURCHASING POWER
REAL ESTATE
REGISTRATION PROCESS
REGULATOR
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
RENT CONTROL
RENTAL HOUSING
RENTALS
RENTS
REPAYMENT
REPAYMENTS
RISK MANAGEMENT
RISK SHARING
SAFETY
SAFETY NET
SAVINGS
SAVINGS SCHEMES
SELF-HELP
SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT UPGRADING
SETTLEMENTS
SHELTER
SLUM
SLUMS
SMALL LOAN
SOFT LOAN
SUBSIDIZATION
SUBSIDIZED HOUSING
SUBSIDY COSTS
SURCHARGES
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
TAX
TAX EXEMPTIONS
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COST
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP
TRANSPARENCY
TRANSPORT
TURNOVER
URBAN AREA
URBAN AREAS
URBAN COMMUNITIES
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN HOUSING
VOUCHER
VOUCHERS
VULNERABLE GROUPS
VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS
ZONING
spellingShingle ACCESS TO MORTGAGE
ACCOUNTING
AFFORDABILITY
AFFORDABLE HOUSING
AFFORDABLE HOUSING LOAN
BALANCE SHEETS
BENEFICIARIES
BENEFICIARY
BORROWING
BROKER
BUILDING CODES
BUILDING INDUSTRY
CAPITAL GAINS
CAPITAL RETURNS
CASH PAYMENT
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANK OF EGYPT
COLLATERAL
CONCESSIONARY RATES
CONTRACTUAL SAVINGS
COOPERATIVES
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
COST OF HOUSING
CREDIT POLICY
CREDIT PRODUCT
CREDIT RISK
CREDITS
CURRENCY
DECENTRALIZATION
DEMOGRAPHIC
DEPOSIT
DESCRIPTION
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DISABLED
DIVERSIFICATION
DOWN PAYMENT
DOWN PAYMENTS
EARNINGS
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
ELIGIBLE BORROWERS
EMPLOYMENT
ENDOWMENTS
ENTREPRENEUR
EQUITABLE ACCESS
ESCROW ACCOUNT
EVICTION
EXCHANGE RATE
EXPOSURE
FACILITATION
FAMILIES
FEMALE
FINANCE COMPANIES
FINANCE COMPANY
FINANCES
FINANCIAL ADVISOR
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
FINANCIAL BURDEN
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL COST
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FIXED RATE
FIXED RATE LOANS
FLOW OF FUNDS
GOVERNMENT HOUSING
GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY
GRACE PERIOD
GREATER ACCESS
HARMONIZATION
HOLDING
HOLDING COMPANY
HOME IMPROVEMENTS
HOME OWNERSHIP
HOMEOWNERSHIP
HOMES
HOUSEHOLD ACCESS
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSES
HOUSING AFFORDABILITY
HOUSING DEMAND
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
HOUSING FINANCE
HOUSING MARKET
HOUSING MARKETS
HOUSING NEEDS
HOUSING POLICY
HOUSING PROGRAMS
HOUSING SUBSIDIES
HOUSING SUBSIDY
HOUSING SUPPLY
HOUSING UNITS
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
INCOME GROUPS
INCOMES
INFLATION
INFLATIONARY EXPECTATIONS
INFORMAL HOUSING
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
INFORMATION SYSTEM
INSTALLMENT
INSTALLMENTS
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE PREMIUMS
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERVENTION
INTERVENTIONS
INVESTMENT BANK
LAND DEVELOPMENT
LAND HOLDINGS
LAND ISSUES
LAND MARKET
LAND PARCELS
LAND PRICES
LAND PRICING
LAND USE
LAWS
LENDERS
LIVING CONDITIONS
LOAN AMOUNT
LOAN AMOUNTS
LOAN PRODUCTS
LOAN SIZE
LONG-TERM MORTGAGE
LOW-INCOME FAMILIES
MARKET CONDITIONS
MARKET CONSTRAINTS
MARKET DEVELOPMENT
MARKET EXPANSION
MARKET FAILURES
MARKET INEFFICIENCIES
MARKET INTEREST
MARKET INTEREST RATE
MARKET INTEREST RATES
MARKET PRICE
MARKET REGULATION
MARKET REGULATIONS
MARKET SEGMENTATION
MARKET TRENDS
MARKET VALUE
MAXIMUM LOAN AMOUNT
MICRO-LOANS
MORTGAGE
MORTGAGE CREDIT
MORTGAGE FINANCE
MORTGAGE FINANCES
MORTGAGE INSTRUMENTS
MORTGAGE INSURANCE
MORTGAGE LAW
MORTGAGE LENDERS
MORTGAGE LENDING
MORTGAGE LOAN
MORTGAGE LOANS
MORTGAGE MARKET
MORTGAGE RATES
MORTGAGES
NATIONAL BANK
NATIONAL INVESTMENT
NEGATIVE AMORTIZATION
NEIGHBORHOOD
NEIGHBORHOODS
NEW PRODUCT
NEW TOWNS
OPEN MARKET
OPPORTUNITY COST
PHYSICAL PLANNING
PORTFOLIO
PRESENT VALUE
PRICE CAPS
PRIVATE BANKS
PRIVATE HOUSING
PRIVATE MARKET
PRIVATE MORTGAGE
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
PRIVATE SECTOR LENDERS
PROPERTY RIGHTS
PUBLIC BANKS
PUBLIC HOUSING
PUBLIC LENDERS
PUBLIC SUBSIDIES
PUBLIC SUBSIDY
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
PURCHASING POWER
REAL ESTATE
REGISTRATION PROCESS
REGULATOR
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
RENT CONTROL
RENTAL HOUSING
RENTALS
RENTS
REPAYMENT
REPAYMENTS
RISK MANAGEMENT
RISK SHARING
SAFETY
SAFETY NET
SAVINGS
SAVINGS SCHEMES
SELF-HELP
SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT UPGRADING
SETTLEMENTS
SHELTER
SLUM
SLUMS
SMALL LOAN
SOFT LOAN
SUBSIDIZATION
SUBSIDIZED HOUSING
SUBSIDY COSTS
SURCHARGES
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
TAX
TAX EXEMPTIONS
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COST
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP
TRANSPARENCY
TRANSPORT
TURNOVER
URBAN AREA
URBAN AREAS
URBAN COMMUNITIES
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN HOUSING
VOUCHER
VOUCHERS
VULNERABLE GROUPS
VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS
ZONING
World Bank
Egypt - Next Step Recommendations for Affordable Housing Policy and the National Housing Program : Mortgaged-Linked Subsidies and Housing Supply considerations
geographic_facet Middle East and North Africa
Middle East and North Africa
Egypt, Arab Republic of
description At the request of the Government of Egypt (GOE), the objective of this brief note is to provide concise recommendations on next steps for the National Housing Program (NHP). These recommendations and policy analysis are an elaboration of the framework for housing policy reform in urban areas in Egypt, a draft of which was endorsed by the Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development (MHUUD) and the Ministry of Investment (MOI) in the high-level policy workshop held in September 2007. The Framework, an evolving strategy building blocks document, proposed a set of comprehensive housing sector reforms and improvements to the NHP consisting of five action channels - unlocking the vacant housing stock, creating a fluid rental market, enhancing affordability through improved access to housing finance and reduction of formal housing supply cost, improved targeting of subsidies, and transforming the government's role into an enabler of the housing market. During the Ministerial workshop in September 2007, it was agreed that the four priority actions were: (i) the design and implementation of a housing information system; (ii) mainstreaming the use of demand-based mortgage-linked subsidy instruments; (iii) set up of a high-level housing policymaking body to coordinate and rationalize the interventions of the different concerned stakeholders; and (iv) expansion of the Housing Demand Study to other areas of Egypt. United States Agency for International Development or USAID Second Technical Assistance for Policy Reform, or TAPRII has completed the design of the housing information system and has made significant progress in the expansion of the housing demand survey. The World Bank's technical assistance to the GOE, reflected in this note and follow up work, focused on strengthening the housing policymaking process and subsidy policy and expanding the mortgage linked subsidy program.
format Economic & Sector Work :: Other Urban Study
author World Bank
author_facet World Bank
author_sort World Bank
title Egypt - Next Step Recommendations for Affordable Housing Policy and the National Housing Program : Mortgaged-Linked Subsidies and Housing Supply considerations
title_short Egypt - Next Step Recommendations for Affordable Housing Policy and the National Housing Program : Mortgaged-Linked Subsidies and Housing Supply considerations
title_full Egypt - Next Step Recommendations for Affordable Housing Policy and the National Housing Program : Mortgaged-Linked Subsidies and Housing Supply considerations
title_fullStr Egypt - Next Step Recommendations for Affordable Housing Policy and the National Housing Program : Mortgaged-Linked Subsidies and Housing Supply considerations
title_full_unstemmed Egypt - Next Step Recommendations for Affordable Housing Policy and the National Housing Program : Mortgaged-Linked Subsidies and Housing Supply considerations
title_sort egypt - next step recommendations for affordable housing policy and the national housing program : mortgaged-linked subsidies and housing supply considerations
publisher Washington, DC
publishDate 2012
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/06/15961749/egypt-next-step-recommendations-affordable-housing-policy-national-housing-program-mortgaged-linked-subsidies-housing-supply-considerations
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7956
_version_ 1764403170806595584
spelling okr-10986-79562021-04-23T14:02:35Z Egypt - Next Step Recommendations for Affordable Housing Policy and the National Housing Program : Mortgaged-Linked Subsidies and Housing Supply considerations World Bank ACCESS TO MORTGAGE ACCOUNTING AFFORDABILITY AFFORDABLE HOUSING AFFORDABLE HOUSING LOAN BALANCE SHEETS BENEFICIARIES BENEFICIARY BORROWING BROKER BUILDING CODES BUILDING INDUSTRY CAPITAL GAINS CAPITAL RETURNS CASH PAYMENT CENTRAL BANK CENTRAL BANK OF EGYPT COLLATERAL CONCESSIONARY RATES CONTRACTUAL SAVINGS COOPERATIVES CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COST OF HOUSING CREDIT POLICY CREDIT PRODUCT CREDIT RISK CREDITS CURRENCY DECENTRALIZATION DEMOGRAPHIC DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION DEVELOPMENT BANK DISABLED DIVERSIFICATION DOWN PAYMENT DOWN PAYMENTS EARNINGS ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ELIGIBLE BORROWERS EMPLOYMENT ENDOWMENTS ENTREPRENEUR EQUITABLE ACCESS ESCROW ACCOUNT EVICTION EXCHANGE RATE EXPOSURE FACILITATION FAMILIES FEMALE FINANCE COMPANIES FINANCE COMPANY FINANCES FINANCIAL ADVISOR FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FINANCIAL BURDEN FINANCIAL CAPACITY FINANCIAL COST FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL SERVICES FIXED RATE FIXED RATE LOANS FLOW OF FUNDS GOVERNMENT HOUSING GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY GRACE PERIOD GREATER ACCESS HARMONIZATION HOLDING HOLDING COMPANY HOME IMPROVEMENTS HOME OWNERSHIP HOMEOWNERSHIP HOMES HOUSEHOLD ACCESS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLDS HOUSES HOUSING AFFORDABILITY HOUSING DEMAND HOUSING DEVELOPMENT HOUSING FINANCE HOUSING MARKET HOUSING MARKETS HOUSING NEEDS HOUSING POLICY HOUSING PROGRAMS HOUSING SUBSIDIES HOUSING SUBSIDY HOUSING SUPPLY HOUSING UNITS IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES INCOME GROUPS INCOMES INFLATION INFLATIONARY EXPECTATIONS INFORMAL HOUSING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS INFORMATION SYSTEM INSTALLMENT INSTALLMENTS INSTRUMENT INSURANCE PREMIUMS INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTION INTERVENTIONS INVESTMENT BANK LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND HOLDINGS LAND ISSUES LAND MARKET LAND PARCELS LAND PRICES LAND PRICING LAND USE LAWS LENDERS LIVING CONDITIONS LOAN AMOUNT LOAN AMOUNTS LOAN PRODUCTS LOAN SIZE LONG-TERM MORTGAGE LOW-INCOME FAMILIES MARKET CONDITIONS MARKET CONSTRAINTS MARKET DEVELOPMENT MARKET EXPANSION MARKET FAILURES MARKET INEFFICIENCIES MARKET INTEREST MARKET INTEREST RATE MARKET INTEREST RATES MARKET PRICE MARKET REGULATION MARKET REGULATIONS MARKET SEGMENTATION MARKET TRENDS MARKET VALUE MAXIMUM LOAN AMOUNT MICRO-LOANS MORTGAGE MORTGAGE CREDIT MORTGAGE FINANCE MORTGAGE FINANCES MORTGAGE INSTRUMENTS MORTGAGE INSURANCE MORTGAGE LAW MORTGAGE LENDERS MORTGAGE LENDING MORTGAGE LOAN MORTGAGE LOANS MORTGAGE MARKET MORTGAGE RATES MORTGAGES NATIONAL BANK NATIONAL INVESTMENT NEGATIVE AMORTIZATION NEIGHBORHOOD NEIGHBORHOODS NEW PRODUCT NEW TOWNS OPEN MARKET OPPORTUNITY COST PHYSICAL PLANNING PORTFOLIO PRESENT VALUE PRICE CAPS PRIVATE BANKS PRIVATE HOUSING PRIVATE MARKET PRIVATE MORTGAGE PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PRIVATE SECTOR LENDERS PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC BANKS PUBLIC HOUSING PUBLIC LENDERS PUBLIC SUBSIDIES PUBLIC SUBSIDY PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS PURCHASING POWER REAL ESTATE REGISTRATION PROCESS REGULATOR REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENT CONTROL RENTAL HOUSING RENTALS RENTS REPAYMENT REPAYMENTS RISK MANAGEMENT RISK SHARING SAFETY SAFETY NET SAVINGS SAVINGS SCHEMES SELF-HELP SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT UPGRADING SETTLEMENTS SHELTER SLUM SLUMS SMALL LOAN SOFT LOAN SUBSIDIZATION SUBSIDIZED HOUSING SUBSIDY COSTS SURCHARGES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TAX TAX EXEMPTIONS TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TECHNICAL SUPPORT TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COST TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP TRANSPARENCY TRANSPORT TURNOVER URBAN AREA URBAN AREAS URBAN COMMUNITIES URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN HOUSING VOUCHER VOUCHERS VULNERABLE GROUPS VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS ZONING At the request of the Government of Egypt (GOE), the objective of this brief note is to provide concise recommendations on next steps for the National Housing Program (NHP). These recommendations and policy analysis are an elaboration of the framework for housing policy reform in urban areas in Egypt, a draft of which was endorsed by the Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development (MHUUD) and the Ministry of Investment (MOI) in the high-level policy workshop held in September 2007. The Framework, an evolving strategy building blocks document, proposed a set of comprehensive housing sector reforms and improvements to the NHP consisting of five action channels - unlocking the vacant housing stock, creating a fluid rental market, enhancing affordability through improved access to housing finance and reduction of formal housing supply cost, improved targeting of subsidies, and transforming the government's role into an enabler of the housing market. During the Ministerial workshop in September 2007, it was agreed that the four priority actions were: (i) the design and implementation of a housing information system; (ii) mainstreaming the use of demand-based mortgage-linked subsidy instruments; (iii) set up of a high-level housing policymaking body to coordinate and rationalize the interventions of the different concerned stakeholders; and (iv) expansion of the Housing Demand Study to other areas of Egypt. United States Agency for International Development or USAID Second Technical Assistance for Policy Reform, or TAPRII has completed the design of the housing information system and has made significant progress in the expansion of the housing demand survey. The World Bank's technical assistance to the GOE, reflected in this note and follow up work, focused on strengthening the housing policymaking process and subsidy policy and expanding the mortgage linked subsidy program. 2012-06-13T21:12:18Z 2012-06-13T21:12:18Z 2008-06 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/06/15961749/egypt-next-step-recommendations-affordable-housing-policy-national-housing-program-mortgaged-linked-subsidies-housing-supply-considerations http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7956 English CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Washington, DC Economic & Sector Work :: Other Urban Study Economic & Sector Work Middle East and North Africa Middle East and North Africa Egypt, Arab Republic of