HIV/AIDS in the Western Balkans : Priorities for Early Prevention in a High-Risk Environment
In recent years, Europe and Central Asia (ECA) has seen the world's fastest growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. The Balkans countries and territories under study - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, and the UN-administer...
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| Language: | English en_US |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/01/6373880/hivaids-western-balkans-priorities-early-prevention-high-risk-environment http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7291 |
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okr-10986-7291 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
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World Bank |
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English en_US |
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ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AIDS CASES AIDS COMMITTEES AIDS DEATHS AIDS EPIDEMIC AIDS PANDEMIC AIDS PATIENTS AIDS PREVENTION ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS BABIES BEHAVIORAL SURVEILLANCE BLOOD SCREENING BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS BREAST MILK CANCERS CASES OF HIV CHILD TRANSMISSION COMMERCIAL SEX COMMERCIAL SEX WORK COMMERCIAL SEX WORKER COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS COMMUNICABLE DISEASES CRIME DEATHS FROM AIDS DECISION MAKING DISABILITY DISEASE PREVENTION DRUG USERS DRUGS USERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION EPIDEMIC SPREADING EPIDEMICS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION EPIDEMIOLOGY EXERCISES FAMILIES GIRLS GLOBAL HIV PANDEMIC GONORRHEA GONORRHOEA HARM REDUCTION HEALTH HEALTH CARE HEALTH EXPENDITURE HEALTH FOR ALL HEALTH PROMOTION HEALTH SERVICES HEPATITIS B HEPATITIS C HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION HIGH RISK GROUPS HIGH RISK OF INFECTION HIGH-RISK HIV HIV INFECTED PEOPLE HIV INFECTION HIV INFECTIONS HIV PREVALENCE HIV TRANSMISSION HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ILLITERACY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY IMMUNODEFICIENCY INJECTING DRUG USE INJECTING DRUG USERS INJECTING DRUGS INJECTION DRUG INJECTION DRUG USERS INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS INTERVENTION INTRAVENOUS DRUG USER LIFE EXPECTANCY LOW PREVALENCE LUNG DISEASE MALARIA METHADONE MIGRANTS MIGRATION MORTALITY MORTALITY RATES NEEDLES OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS PATIENTS POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION POPULATION GROWTH PREGNANCY PREGNANT WOMEN PREVALENCE RATE PREVALENCE RATES PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES REFUGEES RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS RISK BEHAVIOR RISK FACTORS RISK GROUPS RISK OF INFECTION SAFE SEX SCREENING SEX EDUCATION SEX PRACTICES SEX WITH MEN SEX WORKER SEX WORKERS SEXUAL ACTIVITY SEXUAL CONTACT SEXUAL EXPLOITATION SEXUAL RISK SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOR SEXUAL TRANSMISSION SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EXCLUSION SPREAD OF HIV STIS STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION SYPHILIS SYRINGES TRANSMISSION TUBERCULOSIS UNAIDS UNEMPLOYMENT UNPROTECTED SEX UNSAFE SEX USE OF DRUGS VOLUNTARY TESTING VULNERABLE GROUPS WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION YOUNG PEOPLE YOUNG POPULATIONS YOUTH YOUTH DEVELOPMENT |
| spellingShingle |
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AIDS CASES AIDS COMMITTEES AIDS DEATHS AIDS EPIDEMIC AIDS PANDEMIC AIDS PATIENTS AIDS PREVENTION ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS BABIES BEHAVIORAL SURVEILLANCE BLOOD SCREENING BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS BREAST MILK CANCERS CASES OF HIV CHILD TRANSMISSION COMMERCIAL SEX COMMERCIAL SEX WORK COMMERCIAL SEX WORKER COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS COMMUNICABLE DISEASES CRIME DEATHS FROM AIDS DECISION MAKING DISABILITY DISEASE PREVENTION DRUG USERS DRUGS USERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION EPIDEMIC SPREADING EPIDEMICS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION EPIDEMIOLOGY EXERCISES FAMILIES GIRLS GLOBAL HIV PANDEMIC GONORRHEA GONORRHOEA HARM REDUCTION HEALTH HEALTH CARE HEALTH EXPENDITURE HEALTH FOR ALL HEALTH PROMOTION HEALTH SERVICES HEPATITIS B HEPATITIS C HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION HIGH RISK GROUPS HIGH RISK OF INFECTION HIGH-RISK HIV HIV INFECTED PEOPLE HIV INFECTION HIV INFECTIONS HIV PREVALENCE HIV TRANSMISSION HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ILLITERACY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY IMMUNODEFICIENCY INJECTING DRUG USE INJECTING DRUG USERS INJECTING DRUGS INJECTION DRUG INJECTION DRUG USERS INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS INTERVENTION INTRAVENOUS DRUG USER LIFE EXPECTANCY LOW PREVALENCE LUNG DISEASE MALARIA METHADONE MIGRANTS MIGRATION MORTALITY MORTALITY RATES NEEDLES OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS PATIENTS POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION POPULATION GROWTH PREGNANCY PREGNANT WOMEN PREVALENCE RATE PREVALENCE RATES PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES REFUGEES RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS RISK BEHAVIOR RISK FACTORS RISK GROUPS RISK OF INFECTION SAFE SEX SCREENING SEX EDUCATION SEX PRACTICES SEX WITH MEN SEX WORKER SEX WORKERS SEXUAL ACTIVITY SEXUAL CONTACT SEXUAL EXPLOITATION SEXUAL RISK SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOR SEXUAL TRANSMISSION SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EXCLUSION SPREAD OF HIV STIS STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION SYPHILIS SYRINGES TRANSMISSION TUBERCULOSIS UNAIDS UNEMPLOYMENT UNPROTECTED SEX UNSAFE SEX USE OF DRUGS VOLUNTARY TESTING VULNERABLE GROUPS WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION YOUNG PEOPLE YOUNG POPULATIONS YOUTH YOUTH DEVELOPMENT Godinho, Joana Jaganjac, Nedim Eckertz, Dorothee Renton, Adrian Novotny, Thomas Garbus, Lias HIV/AIDS in the Western Balkans : Priorities for Early Prevention in a High-Risk Environment |
| geographic_facet |
Europe and Central Asia |
| relation |
World Bank Working Paper No. 68 |
| description |
In recent years, Europe and Central Asia
(ECA) has seen the world's fastest growing HIV/AIDS
epidemic. The Balkans countries and territories under study
- Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and
Montenegro, and the UN-administered Kosovo -- have reported
over 2,000 HIV/AIDS cases since the beginning of the
epidemic in 1985. In ECA, HIV/AIDS disproportionably affects
the youth population: 80 percent of HIV infected people are
30 years old or younger. This study confirms that the
Balkans region faces a triple jeopardy: 1) All structural
factors are present to drive epidemics transmitted
predominantly by heterosexual drug users; 2) Conflict and
economic decline handicap the ability of governments and
civil society to make an effective response; and 3) Old
ideologies and vested interests are set against key elements
of intervention known to be effective. Although the low
number of cases identified, and lack of reliability of
existing data, do not allow future trends of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic in the Balkans to be predicted with certainty, a
potential epidemic may develop or be halted in one of three
ways: Following the pattern of the epidemic in other
regional countries, it can become concentrated among
intravenous drug users and eventually spread to other groups
of the population through sexual contact. If Injecting drug
use does not become widespread, sexual transmission can
continue to be the most likely route for transmitting the
infection and establishing the epidemic. An epidemic is
prevented through early concerted efforts by the public
sector, nongovernmental organizations, and the international
community who closely cooperate with young people at high
risk of being infected or that are already infected. In this
scenario, highly vulnerable groups reduce the harm of
injecting drugs by avoiding associated risky practices such
as sharing needles and syringes; and both highly vulnerable
groups and vulnerable groups such as youth increase their
knowledge about the epidemic and adopt safe sex practices.
The study concludes that to decrease the risk of an HIV/AIDS
epidemic spreading throughout the Balkans region, and
becoming a long-term development problem as it has happened
in other regions, requires a mix of interventions aimed at
reducing the risk of infection in the short term, and
interventions aimed at tackling structural factors in the
medium to long term. However, political commitment has to
increase for action to occur promptly. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Publication |
| author |
Godinho, Joana Jaganjac, Nedim Eckertz, Dorothee Renton, Adrian Novotny, Thomas Garbus, Lias |
| author_facet |
Godinho, Joana Jaganjac, Nedim Eckertz, Dorothee Renton, Adrian Novotny, Thomas Garbus, Lias |
| author_sort |
Godinho, Joana |
| title |
HIV/AIDS in the Western Balkans : Priorities for Early Prevention in a High-Risk Environment |
| title_short |
HIV/AIDS in the Western Balkans : Priorities for Early Prevention in a High-Risk Environment |
| title_full |
HIV/AIDS in the Western Balkans : Priorities for Early Prevention in a High-Risk Environment |
| title_fullStr |
HIV/AIDS in the Western Balkans : Priorities for Early Prevention in a High-Risk Environment |
| title_full_unstemmed |
HIV/AIDS in the Western Balkans : Priorities for Early Prevention in a High-Risk Environment |
| title_sort |
hiv/aids in the western balkans : priorities for early prevention in a high-risk environment |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/01/6373880/hivaids-western-balkans-priorities-early-prevention-high-risk-environment http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7291 |
| _version_ |
1764399590122979328 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-72912021-04-23T14:02:28Z HIV/AIDS in the Western Balkans : Priorities for Early Prevention in a High-Risk Environment Godinho, Joana Jaganjac, Nedim Eckertz, Dorothee Renton, Adrian Novotny, Thomas Garbus, Lias ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AIDS CASES AIDS COMMITTEES AIDS DEATHS AIDS EPIDEMIC AIDS PANDEMIC AIDS PATIENTS AIDS PREVENTION ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS BABIES BEHAVIORAL SURVEILLANCE BLOOD SCREENING BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS BREAST MILK CANCERS CASES OF HIV CHILD TRANSMISSION COMMERCIAL SEX COMMERCIAL SEX WORK COMMERCIAL SEX WORKER COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS COMMUNICABLE DISEASES CRIME DEATHS FROM AIDS DECISION MAKING DISABILITY DISEASE PREVENTION DRUG USERS DRUGS USERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION EPIDEMIC SPREADING EPIDEMICS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION EPIDEMIOLOGY EXERCISES FAMILIES GIRLS GLOBAL HIV PANDEMIC GONORRHEA GONORRHOEA HARM REDUCTION HEALTH HEALTH CARE HEALTH EXPENDITURE HEALTH FOR ALL HEALTH PROMOTION HEALTH SERVICES HEPATITIS B HEPATITIS C HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION HIGH RISK GROUPS HIGH RISK OF INFECTION HIGH-RISK HIV HIV INFECTED PEOPLE HIV INFECTION HIV INFECTIONS HIV PREVALENCE HIV TRANSMISSION HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ILLITERACY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY IMMUNODEFICIENCY INJECTING DRUG USE INJECTING DRUG USERS INJECTING DRUGS INJECTION DRUG INJECTION DRUG USERS INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS INTERVENTION INTRAVENOUS DRUG USER LIFE EXPECTANCY LOW PREVALENCE LUNG DISEASE MALARIA METHADONE MIGRANTS MIGRATION MORTALITY MORTALITY RATES NEEDLES OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS PATIENTS POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION POPULATION GROWTH PREGNANCY PREGNANT WOMEN PREVALENCE RATE PREVALENCE RATES PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES REFUGEES RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS RISK BEHAVIOR RISK FACTORS RISK GROUPS RISK OF INFECTION SAFE SEX SCREENING SEX EDUCATION SEX PRACTICES SEX WITH MEN SEX WORKER SEX WORKERS SEXUAL ACTIVITY SEXUAL CONTACT SEXUAL EXPLOITATION SEXUAL RISK SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOR SEXUAL TRANSMISSION SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EXCLUSION SPREAD OF HIV STIS STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION SYPHILIS SYRINGES TRANSMISSION TUBERCULOSIS UNAIDS UNEMPLOYMENT UNPROTECTED SEX UNSAFE SEX USE OF DRUGS VOLUNTARY TESTING VULNERABLE GROUPS WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION YOUNG PEOPLE YOUNG POPULATIONS YOUTH YOUTH DEVELOPMENT In recent years, Europe and Central Asia (ECA) has seen the world's fastest growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. The Balkans countries and territories under study - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, and the UN-administered Kosovo -- have reported over 2,000 HIV/AIDS cases since the beginning of the epidemic in 1985. In ECA, HIV/AIDS disproportionably affects the youth population: 80 percent of HIV infected people are 30 years old or younger. This study confirms that the Balkans region faces a triple jeopardy: 1) All structural factors are present to drive epidemics transmitted predominantly by heterosexual drug users; 2) Conflict and economic decline handicap the ability of governments and civil society to make an effective response; and 3) Old ideologies and vested interests are set against key elements of intervention known to be effective. Although the low number of cases identified, and lack of reliability of existing data, do not allow future trends of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Balkans to be predicted with certainty, a potential epidemic may develop or be halted in one of three ways: Following the pattern of the epidemic in other regional countries, it can become concentrated among intravenous drug users and eventually spread to other groups of the population through sexual contact. If Injecting drug use does not become widespread, sexual transmission can continue to be the most likely route for transmitting the infection and establishing the epidemic. An epidemic is prevented through early concerted efforts by the public sector, nongovernmental organizations, and the international community who closely cooperate with young people at high risk of being infected or that are already infected. In this scenario, highly vulnerable groups reduce the harm of injecting drugs by avoiding associated risky practices such as sharing needles and syringes; and both highly vulnerable groups and vulnerable groups such as youth increase their knowledge about the epidemic and adopt safe sex practices. The study concludes that to decrease the risk of an HIV/AIDS epidemic spreading throughout the Balkans region, and becoming a long-term development problem as it has happened in other regions, requires a mix of interventions aimed at reducing the risk of infection in the short term, and interventions aimed at tackling structural factors in the medium to long term. However, political commitment has to increase for action to occur promptly. 2012-06-06T18:16:00Z 2012-06-06T18:16:00Z 2005 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/01/6373880/hivaids-western-balkans-priorities-early-prevention-high-risk-environment 978-0-8213-6394-2 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7291 English en_US World Bank Working Paper No. 68 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research :: Publication Europe and Central Asia |