The Urban Poor in Latin America
With three quarters of its population living in cities, Latin America is now essentially an urban region. Higher urbanization is usually associated with a number of positives, such as higher income, greater access to services, and lower poverty inc...
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Format: | Publication |
Language: | English en_US |
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Washington, DC: World Bank
2012
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Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/06/6338091/urban-poor-latin-america http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7263 |
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recordtype |
oai_dc |
repository_type |
Digital Repository |
institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
institution |
Digital Repositories |
building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
collection |
World Bank |
language |
English en_US |
topic |
ACCESS TO SERVICES AFFORDABILITY CASH TRANSFERS CITIES CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONFLICT COPING MECHANISMS COPING STRATEGIES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EXPENDITURES EXTERNALITIES EXTREME POVERTY FINANCIAL SERVICES FOOD CONSUMPTION GDP GENDER DISCRIMINATION HEALTH CARE HEALTH INSURANCE HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH SERVICES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSING HOUSING POLICIES HOUSING SUBSIDIES HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RIGHTS INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCREASED ACCESS INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET POLICIES LABOR MARKETS LAND MARKETS LAND POLICIES LIVING CONDITIONS LONG TERM LOW INCOME LOW INCOME HOUSING MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS MARKET ECONOMY MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES NUTRITION OLD AGE POLICY CONSIDERATIONS POLICY INITIATIVES POLICY MEASURES POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POOR ADULTS POOR AREAS POOR CHILDREN POOR COMMUNITIES POOR COMMUNITY POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR LIVING POOR NEIGHBORHOODS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY PROGRAMS POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY STRATEGY POVERTY TRENDS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC POLICIES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC WORKS QUALITY OF LIFE REAL WAGES RISK MANAGEMENT RURAL AREAS RURAL COMMUNITIES RURAL POOR RURAL POVERTY SAFETY NET SAFETY NET PROGRAMS SAFETY NETS SAVINGS SAVINGS ACCOUNTS SERVICE DELIVERY SLUMS SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL EXPENDITURES SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS SOCIAL SAFETY NETS SOCIAL SERVICES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TARGETING TEAM MEMBERS TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSFER PROGRAMS TRANSIENT POVERTY UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN URBAN AREA URBAN AREAS URBAN BIAS URBAN CRIME URBAN ENVIRONMENT URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POOR URBAN POPULATION URBAN POVERTY URBAN RENEWAL URBAN YOUTH URBANIZATION |
spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO SERVICES AFFORDABILITY CASH TRANSFERS CITIES CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONFLICT COPING MECHANISMS COPING STRATEGIES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EXPENDITURES EXTERNALITIES EXTREME POVERTY FINANCIAL SERVICES FOOD CONSUMPTION GDP GENDER DISCRIMINATION HEALTH CARE HEALTH INSURANCE HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH SERVICES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSING HOUSING POLICIES HOUSING SUBSIDIES HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RIGHTS INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCREASED ACCESS INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET POLICIES LABOR MARKETS LAND MARKETS LAND POLICIES LIVING CONDITIONS LONG TERM LOW INCOME LOW INCOME HOUSING MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS MARKET ECONOMY MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES NUTRITION OLD AGE POLICY CONSIDERATIONS POLICY INITIATIVES POLICY MEASURES POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POOR ADULTS POOR AREAS POOR CHILDREN POOR COMMUNITIES POOR COMMUNITY POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR LIVING POOR NEIGHBORHOODS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY PROGRAMS POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY STRATEGY POVERTY TRENDS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC POLICIES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC WORKS QUALITY OF LIFE REAL WAGES RISK MANAGEMENT RURAL AREAS RURAL COMMUNITIES RURAL POOR RURAL POVERTY SAFETY NET SAFETY NET PROGRAMS SAFETY NETS SAVINGS SAVINGS ACCOUNTS SERVICE DELIVERY SLUMS SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL EXPENDITURES SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS SOCIAL SAFETY NETS SOCIAL SERVICES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TARGETING TEAM MEMBERS TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSFER PROGRAMS TRANSIENT POVERTY UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN URBAN AREA URBAN AREAS URBAN BIAS URBAN CRIME URBAN ENVIRONMENT URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POOR URBAN POPULATION URBAN POVERTY URBAN RENEWAL URBAN YOUTH URBANIZATION Fay, Marianne The Urban Poor in Latin America |
geographic_facet |
Latin America & Caribbean |
relation |
Directions in Development |
description |
With three quarters of its population
living in cities, Latin America is now essentially an urban
region. Higher urbanization is usually associated with a
number of positives, such as higher income, greater access
to services, and lower poverty incidence, and, Latin America
is no exception. Today, urban poverty incidence, at 28
percent, is half that of in rural areas; extreme poverty, at
12 percent, is a third. Despite this relatively low poverty
incidence, the absolute number of poor people is high, and
most studies agree that about half of Latin America's
poor live in urban areas. The Bank's own estimates
suggest that 60 percent of the poor (113 million people) and
half the extreme poor (46 million individuals) live in urban
areas. The report reviews what is specifically urban about
poor people living in cities, which reveals a number of
facts, critical to understanding the challenges facing the
urban poor, and the means to address these challenges. Three
preconceived ideas are discussed, that tend to cloud
judgment about urban poverty. All three spring from the
common misperception that urban statistics are
representative of the urban poor. However, the relatively
low incidence of poverty in cities, combined with Latin
America's high inequality, imply urban statistics are
almost never representative of the urban poor. Concerning
the differences between urban and rural poor, the need for
differentiated strategies to tackle urban as opposed to
rural poverty is implied, and, the first and most important
differential is the greater integration of the urban poor
into the market economy. Second, while urban areas are not
systematically unequal than rural areas - it depends on the
country, and, within countries, on the city - they are much
more heterogeneous socio-economically, or with respect to
economic activities and processes. Third, heterogeneity
notwithstanding, Latin American cities tend to be highly
segregated. As a result, social exclusion coexists with
(relative) physical proximity to wealth, services and
opportunities. This gives rise to negative externalities, or
neighborhood effects that result in a lower ability to
access jobs, lower earnings, and lower educational
achievements. Fourth, social networks are less stable in
urban areas, with relationships based more on the quality of
reciprocal links between individuals and friends, than on
familial obligations. Fifth, urban living also means much
greater exposure to organized crime, drugs and gang
violence. This is true for the population as a whole, but it
has particularly dismal implications for the poor living in
the slums of Latin America's large cities, where
drug-traffic is now pervasive. Finally, another important
characteristic of urban poverty has to do with overwhelmed,
rather than absent services. The underlying hypothesis of
this report is that, indeed, the causes of poverty, the
nature of deprivation, and the policy levers to fight
poverty are, to a large extent, site specific. |
author2 |
Fay, Marianne |
author_facet |
Fay, Marianne Fay, Marianne |
format |
Publications & Research :: Publication |
author |
Fay, Marianne |
author_sort |
Fay, Marianne |
title |
The Urban Poor in Latin America |
title_short |
The Urban Poor in Latin America |
title_full |
The Urban Poor in Latin America |
title_fullStr |
The Urban Poor in Latin America |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Urban Poor in Latin America |
title_sort |
urban poor in latin america |
publisher |
Washington, DC: World Bank |
publishDate |
2012 |
url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/06/6338091/urban-poor-latin-america http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7263 |
_version_ |
1764399541924134912 |
spelling |
okr-10986-72632021-04-23T14:02:28Z The Urban Poor in Latin America Fay, Marianne Fay, Marianne ACCESS TO SERVICES AFFORDABILITY CASH TRANSFERS CITIES CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONFLICT COPING MECHANISMS COPING STRATEGIES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EXPENDITURES EXTERNALITIES EXTREME POVERTY FINANCIAL SERVICES FOOD CONSUMPTION GDP GENDER DISCRIMINATION HEALTH CARE HEALTH INSURANCE HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH SERVICES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSING HOUSING POLICIES HOUSING SUBSIDIES HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RIGHTS INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCREASED ACCESS INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET POLICIES LABOR MARKETS LAND MARKETS LAND POLICIES LIVING CONDITIONS LONG TERM LOW INCOME LOW INCOME HOUSING MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS MARKET ECONOMY MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES NUTRITION OLD AGE POLICY CONSIDERATIONS POLICY INITIATIVES POLICY MEASURES POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POOR ADULTS POOR AREAS POOR CHILDREN POOR COMMUNITIES POOR COMMUNITY POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR LIVING POOR NEIGHBORHOODS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY PROGRAMS POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY STRATEGY POVERTY TRENDS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC POLICIES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC WORKS QUALITY OF LIFE REAL WAGES RISK MANAGEMENT RURAL AREAS RURAL COMMUNITIES RURAL POOR RURAL POVERTY SAFETY NET SAFETY NET PROGRAMS SAFETY NETS SAVINGS SAVINGS ACCOUNTS SERVICE DELIVERY SLUMS SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL EXPENDITURES SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS SOCIAL SAFETY NETS SOCIAL SERVICES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TARGETING TEAM MEMBERS TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSFER PROGRAMS TRANSIENT POVERTY UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN URBAN AREA URBAN AREAS URBAN BIAS URBAN CRIME URBAN ENVIRONMENT URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POOR URBAN POPULATION URBAN POVERTY URBAN RENEWAL URBAN YOUTH URBANIZATION With three quarters of its population living in cities, Latin America is now essentially an urban region. Higher urbanization is usually associated with a number of positives, such as higher income, greater access to services, and lower poverty incidence, and, Latin America is no exception. Today, urban poverty incidence, at 28 percent, is half that of in rural areas; extreme poverty, at 12 percent, is a third. Despite this relatively low poverty incidence, the absolute number of poor people is high, and most studies agree that about half of Latin America's poor live in urban areas. The Bank's own estimates suggest that 60 percent of the poor (113 million people) and half the extreme poor (46 million individuals) live in urban areas. The report reviews what is specifically urban about poor people living in cities, which reveals a number of facts, critical to understanding the challenges facing the urban poor, and the means to address these challenges. Three preconceived ideas are discussed, that tend to cloud judgment about urban poverty. All three spring from the common misperception that urban statistics are representative of the urban poor. However, the relatively low incidence of poverty in cities, combined with Latin America's high inequality, imply urban statistics are almost never representative of the urban poor. Concerning the differences between urban and rural poor, the need for differentiated strategies to tackle urban as opposed to rural poverty is implied, and, the first and most important differential is the greater integration of the urban poor into the market economy. Second, while urban areas are not systematically unequal than rural areas - it depends on the country, and, within countries, on the city - they are much more heterogeneous socio-economically, or with respect to economic activities and processes. Third, heterogeneity notwithstanding, Latin American cities tend to be highly segregated. As a result, social exclusion coexists with (relative) physical proximity to wealth, services and opportunities. This gives rise to negative externalities, or neighborhood effects that result in a lower ability to access jobs, lower earnings, and lower educational achievements. Fourth, social networks are less stable in urban areas, with relationships based more on the quality of reciprocal links between individuals and friends, than on familial obligations. Fifth, urban living also means much greater exposure to organized crime, drugs and gang violence. This is true for the population as a whole, but it has particularly dismal implications for the poor living in the slums of Latin America's large cities, where drug-traffic is now pervasive. Finally, another important characteristic of urban poverty has to do with overwhelmed, rather than absent services. The underlying hypothesis of this report is that, indeed, the causes of poverty, the nature of deprivation, and the policy levers to fight poverty are, to a large extent, site specific. 2012-06-06T16:07:38Z 2012-06-06T16:07:38Z 2005 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/06/6338091/urban-poor-latin-america 978-0-8213-6069-9 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7263 English en_US Directions in Development CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank Washington, DC: World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research :: Publication Latin America & Caribbean |