Aggregate Economic Shocks, Child Schooling and Child Health
Do aggregate economic shocks, such as those caused by macroeconomic crises or droughts, reduce child human capital? The answer to this question has important implications for public policy. If shocks reduce investments in children, they may transmi...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2012
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/08/9794819/aggregate-economic-shocks-child-schooling-child-health http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6790 |
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okr-10986-6790 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ABSENTEEISM ACCOUNTING ADOLESCENTS ADULT HEALTH ADULT MORTALITY AGED AIR POLLUTION BABIES BREASTFEEDING BULLETIN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CD CHILD CARE CHILD HEALTH CHILD LABOR CHILD MORTALITY CHILD NUTRITION CHILD SURVIVAL CIVIL WAR CONSUMPTION LEVELS CRISES CULTURAL CHANGE DEMAND CURVE DEPRESSION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISASTERS DISCOUNT RATE DISEASES EARLY CHILDHOOD ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC CRISES ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ECONOMICS ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELDERLY EPIDEMIOLOGY ESSENTIAL COMMODITIES EXPECTED RETURNS EXPECTED VALUE EXPENDITURES EXTERNALITIES FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FERTILITY FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL SECTOR FUTURE RESEARCH GDP GDP PER CAPITA GENDER DIFFERENCES GROWTH RATE HEALTH CARE HEALTH ECONOMICS HEALTH EFFECTS HEALTH IMPACTS HEALTH INDICATORS HEALTH INVESTMENTS HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH SECTOR HEALTH SERVICE HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH STATUS HEALTH STRATEGY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES HYGIENE ILLITERACY ILLNESS IMPACT ON HEALTH INCOME EFFECT INCOME LEVELS INFANT INFANT DEATHS INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INFANT MORTALITY RATES INTEREST RATE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY INTERVENTION INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION LABOR MARKET LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LAM LATIN AMERICAN LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION LIVE BIRTHS LIVING STANDARDS LOW BIRTH WEIGHT MACROECONOMIC EVENTS MALARIA MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY MARGINAL UTILITY MEDICINES MENTAL MENTAL HEALTH MORBIDITY MORTALITY MOSQUITO NETS MOTHER NATURAL DISASTERS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OBESITY OLDER AGE GROUPS OPPORTUNITY COST PACIFIC REGION PARENTING PEDIATRICS PER CAPITA INCOME PLACE OF RESIDENCE POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POLLUTION POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR PEOPLE POPULATION CENSUS POPULATION GROUPS POSITIVE EFFECTS PREGNANCY PREGNANT WOMEN PRENATAL CARE PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE PRICE FLUCTUATIONS PRICE INCREASES PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE PRIMARY SCHOOLING PROBABILITY PRODUCTION FUNCTION PROGRESS PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITURES PUBLIC HEALTH SPENDING PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SERVICES QUALITY OF EDUCATION REAL WAGES RECESSION RICHER COUNTRIES RURAL AREAS SAFETY SAFETY NETS SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOL YEAR SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOLING SERVICE UTILIZATION SKILLED WORKERS SMOKING SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS STATE UNIVERSITY SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUBSTITUTION EFFECT TEACHER SALARIES UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE URBAN AREAS UTILITY FUNCTION UTILITY MAXIMIZATION VULNERABILITY VULNERABLE GROUPS WAGES WEALTH WORKERS WORKFORCE YOUNG ADULTS YOUNG CHILDREN |
| spellingShingle |
ABSENTEEISM ACCOUNTING ADOLESCENTS ADULT HEALTH ADULT MORTALITY AGED AIR POLLUTION BABIES BREASTFEEDING BULLETIN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CD CHILD CARE CHILD HEALTH CHILD LABOR CHILD MORTALITY CHILD NUTRITION CHILD SURVIVAL CIVIL WAR CONSUMPTION LEVELS CRISES CULTURAL CHANGE DEMAND CURVE DEPRESSION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISASTERS DISCOUNT RATE DISEASES EARLY CHILDHOOD ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC CRISES ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ECONOMICS ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELDERLY EPIDEMIOLOGY ESSENTIAL COMMODITIES EXPECTED RETURNS EXPECTED VALUE EXPENDITURES EXTERNALITIES FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FERTILITY FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL SECTOR FUTURE RESEARCH GDP GDP PER CAPITA GENDER DIFFERENCES GROWTH RATE HEALTH CARE HEALTH ECONOMICS HEALTH EFFECTS HEALTH IMPACTS HEALTH INDICATORS HEALTH INVESTMENTS HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH SECTOR HEALTH SERVICE HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH STATUS HEALTH STRATEGY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES HYGIENE ILLITERACY ILLNESS IMPACT ON HEALTH INCOME EFFECT INCOME LEVELS INFANT INFANT DEATHS INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INFANT MORTALITY RATES INTEREST RATE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY INTERVENTION INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION LABOR MARKET LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LAM LATIN AMERICAN LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION LIVE BIRTHS LIVING STANDARDS LOW BIRTH WEIGHT MACROECONOMIC EVENTS MALARIA MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY MARGINAL UTILITY MEDICINES MENTAL MENTAL HEALTH MORBIDITY MORTALITY MOSQUITO NETS MOTHER NATURAL DISASTERS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OBESITY OLDER AGE GROUPS OPPORTUNITY COST PACIFIC REGION PARENTING PEDIATRICS PER CAPITA INCOME PLACE OF RESIDENCE POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POLLUTION POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR PEOPLE POPULATION CENSUS POPULATION GROUPS POSITIVE EFFECTS PREGNANCY PREGNANT WOMEN PRENATAL CARE PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE PRICE FLUCTUATIONS PRICE INCREASES PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE PRIMARY SCHOOLING PROBABILITY PRODUCTION FUNCTION PROGRESS PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITURES PUBLIC HEALTH SPENDING PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SERVICES QUALITY OF EDUCATION REAL WAGES RECESSION RICHER COUNTRIES RURAL AREAS SAFETY SAFETY NETS SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOL YEAR SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOLING SERVICE UTILIZATION SKILLED WORKERS SMOKING SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS STATE UNIVERSITY SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUBSTITUTION EFFECT TEACHER SALARIES UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE URBAN AREAS UTILITY FUNCTION UTILITY MAXIMIZATION VULNERABILITY VULNERABLE GROUPS WAGES WEALTH WORKERS WORKFORCE YOUNG ADULTS YOUNG CHILDREN Ferreira, Francisco H.G. Schady, Norbert Aggregate Economic Shocks, Child Schooling and Child Health |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper No. 4701 |
| description |
Do aggregate economic shocks, such as
those caused by macroeconomic crises or droughts, reduce
child human capital? The answer to this question has
important implications for public policy. If shocks reduce
investments in children, they may transmit poverty from one
generation to the next. This paper uses a simple framework
to analyze the effects of aggregate economic shocks on child
schooling and health. It shows that the expected effects are
ambiguous, because of a tension between income and
substitution effects. The paper then reviews the recent
empirical literature on the subject. In richer countries,
like the United States, child health and education outcomes
are counter-cyclical: they improve during recessions. In
poorer countries, mostly in Africa and low-income Asia, the
outcomes are pro-cyclical: infant mortality rises, and
school enrollment and nutrition fall during recessions. In
the middle-income countries of Latin America, the picture is
more nuanced: health outcomes are generally pro-cyclical,
and education outcomes counter-cyclical. Each of these
findings is consistent with the simple conceptual framework.
The paper discusses possible implications for expenditure allocation. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Ferreira, Francisco H.G. Schady, Norbert |
| author_facet |
Ferreira, Francisco H.G. Schady, Norbert |
| author_sort |
Ferreira, Francisco H.G. |
| title |
Aggregate Economic Shocks, Child Schooling and Child Health |
| title_short |
Aggregate Economic Shocks, Child Schooling and Child Health |
| title_full |
Aggregate Economic Shocks, Child Schooling and Child Health |
| title_fullStr |
Aggregate Economic Shocks, Child Schooling and Child Health |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Aggregate Economic Shocks, Child Schooling and Child Health |
| title_sort |
aggregate economic shocks, child schooling and child health |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/08/9794819/aggregate-economic-shocks-child-schooling-child-health http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6790 |
| _version_ |
1764401086831001600 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-67902021-04-23T14:02:32Z Aggregate Economic Shocks, Child Schooling and Child Health Ferreira, Francisco H.G. Schady, Norbert ABSENTEEISM ACCOUNTING ADOLESCENTS ADULT HEALTH ADULT MORTALITY AGED AIR POLLUTION BABIES BREASTFEEDING BULLETIN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CD CHILD CARE CHILD HEALTH CHILD LABOR CHILD MORTALITY CHILD NUTRITION CHILD SURVIVAL CIVIL WAR CONSUMPTION LEVELS CRISES CULTURAL CHANGE DEMAND CURVE DEPRESSION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISASTERS DISCOUNT RATE DISEASES EARLY CHILDHOOD ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC CRISES ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ECONOMICS ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELDERLY EPIDEMIOLOGY ESSENTIAL COMMODITIES EXPECTED RETURNS EXPECTED VALUE EXPENDITURES EXTERNALITIES FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FERTILITY FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL SECTOR FUTURE RESEARCH GDP GDP PER CAPITA GENDER DIFFERENCES GROWTH RATE HEALTH CARE HEALTH ECONOMICS HEALTH EFFECTS HEALTH IMPACTS HEALTH INDICATORS HEALTH INVESTMENTS HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH SECTOR HEALTH SERVICE HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH STATUS HEALTH STRATEGY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES HYGIENE ILLITERACY ILLNESS IMPACT ON HEALTH INCOME EFFECT INCOME LEVELS INFANT INFANT DEATHS INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INFANT MORTALITY RATES INTEREST RATE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY INTERVENTION INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION LABOR MARKET LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LAM LATIN AMERICAN LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION LIVE BIRTHS LIVING STANDARDS LOW BIRTH WEIGHT MACROECONOMIC EVENTS MALARIA MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY MARGINAL UTILITY MEDICINES MENTAL MENTAL HEALTH MORBIDITY MORTALITY MOSQUITO NETS MOTHER NATURAL DISASTERS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OBESITY OLDER AGE GROUPS OPPORTUNITY COST PACIFIC REGION PARENTING PEDIATRICS PER CAPITA INCOME PLACE OF RESIDENCE POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POLLUTION POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR PEOPLE POPULATION CENSUS POPULATION GROUPS POSITIVE EFFECTS PREGNANCY PREGNANT WOMEN PRENATAL CARE PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE PRICE FLUCTUATIONS PRICE INCREASES PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE PRIMARY SCHOOLING PROBABILITY PRODUCTION FUNCTION PROGRESS PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITURES PUBLIC HEALTH SPENDING PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SERVICES QUALITY OF EDUCATION REAL WAGES RECESSION RICHER COUNTRIES RURAL AREAS SAFETY SAFETY NETS SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOL YEAR SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOLING SERVICE UTILIZATION SKILLED WORKERS SMOKING SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS STATE UNIVERSITY SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUBSTITUTION EFFECT TEACHER SALARIES UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE URBAN AREAS UTILITY FUNCTION UTILITY MAXIMIZATION VULNERABILITY VULNERABLE GROUPS WAGES WEALTH WORKERS WORKFORCE YOUNG ADULTS YOUNG CHILDREN Do aggregate economic shocks, such as those caused by macroeconomic crises or droughts, reduce child human capital? The answer to this question has important implications for public policy. If shocks reduce investments in children, they may transmit poverty from one generation to the next. This paper uses a simple framework to analyze the effects of aggregate economic shocks on child schooling and health. It shows that the expected effects are ambiguous, because of a tension between income and substitution effects. The paper then reviews the recent empirical literature on the subject. In richer countries, like the United States, child health and education outcomes are counter-cyclical: they improve during recessions. In poorer countries, mostly in Africa and low-income Asia, the outcomes are pro-cyclical: infant mortality rises, and school enrollment and nutrition fall during recessions. In the middle-income countries of Latin America, the picture is more nuanced: health outcomes are generally pro-cyclical, and education outcomes counter-cyclical. Each of these findings is consistent with the simple conceptual framework. The paper discusses possible implications for expenditure allocation. 2012-05-31T19:57:22Z 2012-05-31T19:57:22Z 2008-08 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/08/9794819/aggregate-economic-shocks-child-schooling-child-health http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6790 English Policy Research Working Paper No. 4701 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research |