Rising Income Inequality in China : A Race to the Top
Income inequality in China has risen rapidly in the past decades across regions, between rural and urban sectors, and within provinces. The dynamics of divergence across these sub-national areas have taken the form of a "race to the top"...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2012
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/08/9794547/rising-income-inequality-china-race-top http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6789 |
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okr-10986-6789 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
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World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ABSOLUTE POVERTY ABSOLUTE VALUE ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCOUNTING AGGREGATE INCOME ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ANNUAL INCOME AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH RATE AVERAGE INCOME BALANCED GROWTH BASIC EDUCATION COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMER CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE DENSITY CURVE DEPENDANT DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS DEVELOPMENT REPORT DISPARITY IN INCOME DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS DIVERSIFICATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC LITERATURE ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REFORMS ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMIC TRANSITION ECONOMICS LETTERS EDUCATED PEOPLE EDUCATION LEVEL EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL FINDINGS EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION FARM ACTIVITIES FARM ACTIVITY FARMERS FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FISCAL CONSTRAINTS FIXED EFFECTS FOOD POLICY FOOD SAFETY FORMAL EDUCATION FULL EMPLOYMENT GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GOVERNMENT POLICIES GRAIN PRODUCTION GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH ELASTICITY GROWTH PERFORMANCE HEALTH CARE HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT IMPACT OF EDUCATION INCOME INCOME CHANGE INCOME DIFFERENTIALS INCOME DISPARITY INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME EQUATION INCOME GAINS INCOME GAP INCOME GROWTH INCOME GROWTH RATE INCOME INCREASE INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVEL INCOME LEVELS INCOME POVERTY INCOME SUPPORT INCOMES INCREASE IN INCOME INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INEQUALITY FALLS INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY TRENDS INTERNAL MIGRATION INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL PRICE INTERNATIONAL PRICES INVESTING LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LAND REFORM LEVEL OF EDUCATION LIVING STANDARDS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION LOGARITHMIC SCALE LONG RUN LOWER INCOME MARGINAL RETURNS MARKET ECONOMY MEAN GROWTH MEAN INCOME MEAN INCOME GROWTH MEAN VALUE MEDIAN INCOME MIDWIFE MIGRATION MODERNIZATION NATIONAL LEVEL NON-INCOME DIMENSIONS NURSE NUTRITION OPEN ECONOMIES OWNERSHIPS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR GROWTH POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR PEOPLE POPULATION CENTER POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY DATA POVERTY HEADCOUNT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY INDEX POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY-GROWTH-INEQUALITY TRIANGLE POWER PARITY PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROPERTY RIGHTS PROPORTIONAL CHANGE PROSPERITY PUBLIC ENTERPRISES PUBLIC INVESTMENTS REAL INCOME REDUCING POVERTY REGIONAL DISPARITIES REGIONAL INEQUALITIES REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGIONAL POLICY REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE INCOMES REMITTANCE RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS RESPONSIBILITIES RETIRED RETIREMENT RETIREMENT AGE RETIREMENT PENSION RISING INCOME INEQUALITY RISING INEQUALITY RURAL RURAL AREA RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INCOME RURAL INEQUALITY RURAL LABOR RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY RATE SEGMENTS OF SOCIETY SENIOR SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SKILL LEVEL SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKER STOCKS SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TYPE OF WORK UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN POPULATION URBAN POVERTY URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN WORKERS URBANIZATION WAGE WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE GROWTH WAGE LEVEL WAGES WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS |
| spellingShingle |
ABSOLUTE POVERTY ABSOLUTE VALUE ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCOUNTING AGGREGATE INCOME ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ANNUAL INCOME AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH RATE AVERAGE INCOME BALANCED GROWTH BASIC EDUCATION COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMER CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE DENSITY CURVE DEPENDANT DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS DEVELOPMENT REPORT DISPARITY IN INCOME DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS DIVERSIFICATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC LITERATURE ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REFORMS ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMIC TRANSITION ECONOMICS LETTERS EDUCATED PEOPLE EDUCATION LEVEL EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL FINDINGS EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION FARM ACTIVITIES FARM ACTIVITY FARMERS FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FISCAL CONSTRAINTS FIXED EFFECTS FOOD POLICY FOOD SAFETY FORMAL EDUCATION FULL EMPLOYMENT GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GOVERNMENT POLICIES GRAIN PRODUCTION GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH ELASTICITY GROWTH PERFORMANCE HEALTH CARE HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT IMPACT OF EDUCATION INCOME INCOME CHANGE INCOME DIFFERENTIALS INCOME DISPARITY INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME EQUATION INCOME GAINS INCOME GAP INCOME GROWTH INCOME GROWTH RATE INCOME INCREASE INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVEL INCOME LEVELS INCOME POVERTY INCOME SUPPORT INCOMES INCREASE IN INCOME INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INEQUALITY FALLS INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY TRENDS INTERNAL MIGRATION INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL PRICE INTERNATIONAL PRICES INVESTING LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LAND REFORM LEVEL OF EDUCATION LIVING STANDARDS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION LOGARITHMIC SCALE LONG RUN LOWER INCOME MARGINAL RETURNS MARKET ECONOMY MEAN GROWTH MEAN INCOME MEAN INCOME GROWTH MEAN VALUE MEDIAN INCOME MIDWIFE MIGRATION MODERNIZATION NATIONAL LEVEL NON-INCOME DIMENSIONS NURSE NUTRITION OPEN ECONOMIES OWNERSHIPS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR GROWTH POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR PEOPLE POPULATION CENTER POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY DATA POVERTY HEADCOUNT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY INDEX POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY-GROWTH-INEQUALITY TRIANGLE POWER PARITY PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROPERTY RIGHTS PROPORTIONAL CHANGE PROSPERITY PUBLIC ENTERPRISES PUBLIC INVESTMENTS REAL INCOME REDUCING POVERTY REGIONAL DISPARITIES REGIONAL INEQUALITIES REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGIONAL POLICY REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE INCOMES REMITTANCE RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS RESPONSIBILITIES RETIRED RETIREMENT RETIREMENT AGE RETIREMENT PENSION RISING INCOME INEQUALITY RISING INEQUALITY RURAL RURAL AREA RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INCOME RURAL INEQUALITY RURAL LABOR RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY RATE SEGMENTS OF SOCIETY SENIOR SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SKILL LEVEL SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKER STOCKS SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TYPE OF WORK UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN POPULATION URBAN POVERTY URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN WORKERS URBANIZATION WAGE WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE GROWTH WAGE LEVEL WAGES WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS Luo, Xubei Zhu, Nong Rising Income Inequality in China : A Race to the Top |
| geographic_facet |
East Asia and Pacific China |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper No. 4700 |
| description |
Income inequality in China has risen
rapidly in the past decades across regions, between rural
and urban sectors, and within provinces. The dynamics of
divergence across these sub-national areas have taken the
form of a "race to the top" - meaning that all
segments of the population, including the poor with low
education in lagging inland rural areas, have experienced
gains in average income. The largest gains have been
registered by those with higher income and education in
leading coastal urban areas. Using the China Economic,
Population, Nutrition and Health Survey data of 1989 and
2004, we show that the most important factors explaining
overall inequality are differential returns to schooling and
sector of employment. A decomposition analysis based on
household income determination shows that the increase in
returns to education explains two-thirds of income changes
in urban areas and one-sixth in rural areas. The widening
income gaps are the consequence of higher growth in leading
urban and coastal areas and that the skilled population has
benefited more from the economic reforms carried out during
the last 25 years. The authors argue that rising income
inequality can be part of a normal process of development at
a certain stage, and that the dynamics of spatial income
divergence in the form of "a race to the top" can
be desirable to some extent as it unleashes competitive
pressure and creates incentives for investment in skills.
Continuing to improve market efficiency and investing in
people, in particular improving education service in lagging
areas to poor people, are important for sustainable growth
and equitable distribution in the long run. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Luo, Xubei Zhu, Nong |
| author_facet |
Luo, Xubei Zhu, Nong |
| author_sort |
Luo, Xubei |
| title |
Rising Income Inequality in China : A Race to the Top |
| title_short |
Rising Income Inequality in China : A Race to the Top |
| title_full |
Rising Income Inequality in China : A Race to the Top |
| title_fullStr |
Rising Income Inequality in China : A Race to the Top |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Rising Income Inequality in China : A Race to the Top |
| title_sort |
rising income inequality in china : a race to the top |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/08/9794547/rising-income-inequality-china-race-top http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6789 |
| _version_ |
1764401082738409472 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-67892021-04-23T14:02:32Z Rising Income Inequality in China : A Race to the Top Luo, Xubei Zhu, Nong ABSOLUTE POVERTY ABSOLUTE VALUE ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCOUNTING AGGREGATE INCOME ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ANNUAL INCOME AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH RATE AVERAGE INCOME BALANCED GROWTH BASIC EDUCATION COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMER CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE DENSITY CURVE DEPENDANT DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS DEVELOPMENT REPORT DISPARITY IN INCOME DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS DIVERSIFICATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC LITERATURE ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REFORMS ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMIC TRANSITION ECONOMICS LETTERS EDUCATED PEOPLE EDUCATION LEVEL EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL FINDINGS EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION FARM ACTIVITIES FARM ACTIVITY FARMERS FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FISCAL CONSTRAINTS FIXED EFFECTS FOOD POLICY FOOD SAFETY FORMAL EDUCATION FULL EMPLOYMENT GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GOVERNMENT POLICIES GRAIN PRODUCTION GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH ELASTICITY GROWTH PERFORMANCE HEALTH CARE HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT IMPACT OF EDUCATION INCOME INCOME CHANGE INCOME DIFFERENTIALS INCOME DISPARITY INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME EQUATION INCOME GAINS INCOME GAP INCOME GROWTH INCOME GROWTH RATE INCOME INCREASE INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVEL INCOME LEVELS INCOME POVERTY INCOME SUPPORT INCOMES INCREASE IN INCOME INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INEQUALITY FALLS INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY TRENDS INTERNAL MIGRATION INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL PRICE INTERNATIONAL PRICES INVESTING LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LAND REFORM LEVEL OF EDUCATION LIVING STANDARDS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION LOGARITHMIC SCALE LONG RUN LOWER INCOME MARGINAL RETURNS MARKET ECONOMY MEAN GROWTH MEAN INCOME MEAN INCOME GROWTH MEAN VALUE MEDIAN INCOME MIDWIFE MIGRATION MODERNIZATION NATIONAL LEVEL NON-INCOME DIMENSIONS NURSE NUTRITION OPEN ECONOMIES OWNERSHIPS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR GROWTH POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR PEOPLE POPULATION CENTER POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY DATA POVERTY HEADCOUNT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY INDEX POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY-GROWTH-INEQUALITY TRIANGLE POWER PARITY PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROPERTY RIGHTS PROPORTIONAL CHANGE PROSPERITY PUBLIC ENTERPRISES PUBLIC INVESTMENTS REAL INCOME REDUCING POVERTY REGIONAL DISPARITIES REGIONAL INEQUALITIES REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGIONAL POLICY REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE INCOMES REMITTANCE RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS RESPONSIBILITIES RETIRED RETIREMENT RETIREMENT AGE RETIREMENT PENSION RISING INCOME INEQUALITY RISING INEQUALITY RURAL RURAL AREA RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INCOME RURAL INEQUALITY RURAL LABOR RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY RATE SEGMENTS OF SOCIETY SENIOR SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SKILL LEVEL SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKER STOCKS SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TYPE OF WORK UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN POPULATION URBAN POVERTY URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN WORKERS URBANIZATION WAGE WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE GROWTH WAGE LEVEL WAGES WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS Income inequality in China has risen rapidly in the past decades across regions, between rural and urban sectors, and within provinces. The dynamics of divergence across these sub-national areas have taken the form of a "race to the top" - meaning that all segments of the population, including the poor with low education in lagging inland rural areas, have experienced gains in average income. The largest gains have been registered by those with higher income and education in leading coastal urban areas. Using the China Economic, Population, Nutrition and Health Survey data of 1989 and 2004, we show that the most important factors explaining overall inequality are differential returns to schooling and sector of employment. A decomposition analysis based on household income determination shows that the increase in returns to education explains two-thirds of income changes in urban areas and one-sixth in rural areas. The widening income gaps are the consequence of higher growth in leading urban and coastal areas and that the skilled population has benefited more from the economic reforms carried out during the last 25 years. The authors argue that rising income inequality can be part of a normal process of development at a certain stage, and that the dynamics of spatial income divergence in the form of "a race to the top" can be desirable to some extent as it unleashes competitive pressure and creates incentives for investment in skills. Continuing to improve market efficiency and investing in people, in particular improving education service in lagging areas to poor people, are important for sustainable growth and equitable distribution in the long run. 2012-05-31T19:53:10Z 2012-05-31T19:53:10Z 2008-08 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/08/9794547/rising-income-inequality-china-race-top http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6789 English Policy Research Working Paper No. 4700 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research East Asia and Pacific China |