Does Gender Matter for Firm Performance? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Using 2005 firm level data for 26 countries in Eastern and Central Europe, this paper estimates performance gaps between male and female-owned businesses, while controlling for location by industry and country. The findings show that female entrepr...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2012
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/09/9813792/gender-matter-firm-performance-evidence-eastern-europe-central-asia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6783 |
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okr-10986-6783 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO FINANCING ACCESS TO FUNDS ACCESS TO LOANS ADVOCACY ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN AVERAGE PAY BANK FINANCING BANK LOAN BANK LOAN OFFICERS BANK LOANS BANKING SECTOR BANKS BARRIERS TO WOMEN BORROWING BUSINESS CREDIT BUSINESS CREDIT MARKET BUSINESS LOAN BUSINESS LOAN APPLICATIONS BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESS OPERATION BUSINESS OWNERSHIP BUSINESS SCHOOL BUSINESS SUCCESS BUSINESS SURVIVAL CALCULATION CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL STOCK CAPITALIZATION CENTRAL ASIAN CHILD CARE COLLATERAL COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS COMMERCIAL BORROWING CONTRIBUTION COST OF CAPITAL COST OF LOANS CREDIT CARDS CREDIT MARKET CREDIT WORTHINESS CREDIT-WORTHINESS DENIAL RATES DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN EARNINGS EARNINGS EQUITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ENROLLMENT ENTREPRENEUR ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES EQUITY FINANCING EU EXPENDITURE EXTERNAL FINANCE EXTERNAL FUNDS FEDERAL RESERVE FEMALE FEMALE ACCESS FEMALE BUSINESS FEMALE ENTREPRENEUR FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESS FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESSES FEMALES FEMINIST FINANCIAL CAPITAL FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FINANCIAL DECISIONS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL SERVICES FIXED ASSETS FOREIGN BANKS GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN BANK GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES HOME HOME EQUITY HOME OWNERSHIP HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INPUT PRICES INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERNAL FINANCING INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENT CLIMATE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET LEGISLATION LACK OF ACCESS LARGE FIRM LENDERS LINE OF CREDIT LOAN LOAN APPLICATIONS LOAN APPROVALS LOAN DECISIONS LOANS TO GROUPS LOWER INCOMES LOWER INTEREST RATE MICRO-ENTERPRISE MICRO-ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT MONEY LENDERS NET WORTH NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP PERMANENT EMPLOYEES PERSONAL WEALTH PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PROFITABILITY RATE OF INTEREST RATES OF RETURN REGRESSION ANALYSIS RETAINED EARNINGS RETURN ON EQUITY RISK AVERSION SALARY SALE SALES SALES GROWTH SALES REVENUE SALES REVENUES SECONDARY EDUCATION SELF-EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT EARNINGS SEX SHARE OF PROFITS SMALL BUSINESS SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS FINANCES SMALL BUSINESS LOAN SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS SMALL BUSINESSES SMALL ENTERPRISES SMALL-BUSINESS SMALLER FIRM SMALLER FIRMS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DIFFERENCES SOURCES OF FINANCE START UP CAPITAL START-UP START-UP CAPITAL STATE OWNED BANKS STD STOCK MARKETS SUPPLY OF FINANCE TAX LEGISLATION TERMS OF LOANS TRADE CREDIT TRANSITION ECONOMIES TRANSPORT TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UNION WAGE WAGE GAP WAGE RATES WILL WOMAN WOMEN BUSINESS OWNERS WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS WOMEN OWNERS WORKING CAPITAL |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO FINANCING ACCESS TO FUNDS ACCESS TO LOANS ADVOCACY ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN AVERAGE PAY BANK FINANCING BANK LOAN BANK LOAN OFFICERS BANK LOANS BANKING SECTOR BANKS BARRIERS TO WOMEN BORROWING BUSINESS CREDIT BUSINESS CREDIT MARKET BUSINESS LOAN BUSINESS LOAN APPLICATIONS BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESS OPERATION BUSINESS OWNERSHIP BUSINESS SCHOOL BUSINESS SUCCESS BUSINESS SURVIVAL CALCULATION CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL STOCK CAPITALIZATION CENTRAL ASIAN CHILD CARE COLLATERAL COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS COMMERCIAL BORROWING CONTRIBUTION COST OF CAPITAL COST OF LOANS CREDIT CARDS CREDIT MARKET CREDIT WORTHINESS CREDIT-WORTHINESS DENIAL RATES DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN EARNINGS EARNINGS EQUITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ENROLLMENT ENTREPRENEUR ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES EQUITY FINANCING EU EXPENDITURE EXTERNAL FINANCE EXTERNAL FUNDS FEDERAL RESERVE FEMALE FEMALE ACCESS FEMALE BUSINESS FEMALE ENTREPRENEUR FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESS FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESSES FEMALES FEMINIST FINANCIAL CAPITAL FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FINANCIAL DECISIONS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL SERVICES FIXED ASSETS FOREIGN BANKS GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN BANK GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES HOME HOME EQUITY HOME OWNERSHIP HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INPUT PRICES INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERNAL FINANCING INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENT CLIMATE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET LEGISLATION LACK OF ACCESS LARGE FIRM LENDERS LINE OF CREDIT LOAN LOAN APPLICATIONS LOAN APPROVALS LOAN DECISIONS LOANS TO GROUPS LOWER INCOMES LOWER INTEREST RATE MICRO-ENTERPRISE MICRO-ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT MONEY LENDERS NET WORTH NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP PERMANENT EMPLOYEES PERSONAL WEALTH PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PROFITABILITY RATE OF INTEREST RATES OF RETURN REGRESSION ANALYSIS RETAINED EARNINGS RETURN ON EQUITY RISK AVERSION SALARY SALE SALES SALES GROWTH SALES REVENUE SALES REVENUES SECONDARY EDUCATION SELF-EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT EARNINGS SEX SHARE OF PROFITS SMALL BUSINESS SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS FINANCES SMALL BUSINESS LOAN SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS SMALL BUSINESSES SMALL ENTERPRISES SMALL-BUSINESS SMALLER FIRM SMALLER FIRMS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DIFFERENCES SOURCES OF FINANCE START UP CAPITAL START-UP START-UP CAPITAL STATE OWNED BANKS STD STOCK MARKETS SUPPLY OF FINANCE TAX LEGISLATION TERMS OF LOANS TRADE CREDIT TRANSITION ECONOMIES TRANSPORT TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UNION WAGE WAGE GAP WAGE RATES WILL WOMAN WOMEN BUSINESS OWNERS WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS WOMEN OWNERS WORKING CAPITAL Sabarwal, Shwetlena Terrell, Katherine Does Gender Matter for Firm Performance? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia |
| geographic_facet |
Europe and Central Asia |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper No. 4705 |
| description |
Using 2005 firm level data for 26
countries in Eastern and Central Europe, this paper
estimates performance gaps between male and female-owned
businesses, while controlling for location by industry and
country. The findings show that female entrepreneurs have a
significantly smaller scale of operations (as measured by
sales revenues) and are less efficient in terms of total
factor productivity, although the difference is small.
However, women entrepreneurs generate the same amount of
profit per unit of revenue as men. Although both male and
female entrepreneurs in the region are sub-optimally small,
women's returns to scale are significantly larger than
men's, implying that women would gain more from
increasing their scale. The authors argue that the main
reasons for the sub-optimal size of female-owned firms are
that they are both capital constrained and concentrated in
industries with small firms. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Sabarwal, Shwetlena Terrell, Katherine |
| author_facet |
Sabarwal, Shwetlena Terrell, Katherine |
| author_sort |
Sabarwal, Shwetlena |
| title |
Does Gender Matter for Firm Performance? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia |
| title_short |
Does Gender Matter for Firm Performance? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia |
| title_full |
Does Gender Matter for Firm Performance? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia |
| title_fullStr |
Does Gender Matter for Firm Performance? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Does Gender Matter for Firm Performance? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia |
| title_sort |
does gender matter for firm performance? evidence from eastern europe and central asia |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/09/9813792/gender-matter-firm-performance-evidence-eastern-europe-central-asia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6783 |
| _version_ |
1764401070454341632 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-67832021-04-23T14:02:32Z Does Gender Matter for Firm Performance? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia Sabarwal, Shwetlena Terrell, Katherine ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO FINANCING ACCESS TO FUNDS ACCESS TO LOANS ADVOCACY ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN AVERAGE PAY BANK FINANCING BANK LOAN BANK LOAN OFFICERS BANK LOANS BANKING SECTOR BANKS BARRIERS TO WOMEN BORROWING BUSINESS CREDIT BUSINESS CREDIT MARKET BUSINESS LOAN BUSINESS LOAN APPLICATIONS BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESS OPERATION BUSINESS OWNERSHIP BUSINESS SCHOOL BUSINESS SUCCESS BUSINESS SURVIVAL CALCULATION CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL STOCK CAPITALIZATION CENTRAL ASIAN CHILD CARE COLLATERAL COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS COMMERCIAL BORROWING CONTRIBUTION COST OF CAPITAL COST OF LOANS CREDIT CARDS CREDIT MARKET CREDIT WORTHINESS CREDIT-WORTHINESS DENIAL RATES DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN EARNINGS EARNINGS EQUITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ENROLLMENT ENTREPRENEUR ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES EQUITY FINANCING EU EXPENDITURE EXTERNAL FINANCE EXTERNAL FUNDS FEDERAL RESERVE FEMALE FEMALE ACCESS FEMALE BUSINESS FEMALE ENTREPRENEUR FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESS FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESSES FEMALES FEMINIST FINANCIAL CAPITAL FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FINANCIAL DECISIONS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL SERVICES FIXED ASSETS FOREIGN BANKS GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN BANK GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES HOME HOME EQUITY HOME OWNERSHIP HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INPUT PRICES INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERNAL FINANCING INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENT CLIMATE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET LEGISLATION LACK OF ACCESS LARGE FIRM LENDERS LINE OF CREDIT LOAN LOAN APPLICATIONS LOAN APPROVALS LOAN DECISIONS LOANS TO GROUPS LOWER INCOMES LOWER INTEREST RATE MICRO-ENTERPRISE MICRO-ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT MONEY LENDERS NET WORTH NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP PERMANENT EMPLOYEES PERSONAL WEALTH PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PROFITABILITY RATE OF INTEREST RATES OF RETURN REGRESSION ANALYSIS RETAINED EARNINGS RETURN ON EQUITY RISK AVERSION SALARY SALE SALES SALES GROWTH SALES REVENUE SALES REVENUES SECONDARY EDUCATION SELF-EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT EARNINGS SEX SHARE OF PROFITS SMALL BUSINESS SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS FINANCES SMALL BUSINESS LOAN SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS SMALL BUSINESSES SMALL ENTERPRISES SMALL-BUSINESS SMALLER FIRM SMALLER FIRMS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DIFFERENCES SOURCES OF FINANCE START UP CAPITAL START-UP START-UP CAPITAL STATE OWNED BANKS STD STOCK MARKETS SUPPLY OF FINANCE TAX LEGISLATION TERMS OF LOANS TRADE CREDIT TRANSITION ECONOMIES TRANSPORT TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UNION WAGE WAGE GAP WAGE RATES WILL WOMAN WOMEN BUSINESS OWNERS WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS WOMEN OWNERS WORKING CAPITAL Using 2005 firm level data for 26 countries in Eastern and Central Europe, this paper estimates performance gaps between male and female-owned businesses, while controlling for location by industry and country. The findings show that female entrepreneurs have a significantly smaller scale of operations (as measured by sales revenues) and are less efficient in terms of total factor productivity, although the difference is small. However, women entrepreneurs generate the same amount of profit per unit of revenue as men. Although both male and female entrepreneurs in the region are sub-optimally small, women's returns to scale are significantly larger than men's, implying that women would gain more from increasing their scale. The authors argue that the main reasons for the sub-optimal size of female-owned firms are that they are both capital constrained and concentrated in industries with small firms. 2012-05-31T19:30:31Z 2012-05-31T19:30:31Z 2008-09 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/09/9813792/gender-matter-firm-performance-evidence-eastern-europe-central-asia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6783 English Policy Research Working Paper No. 4705 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Europe and Central Asia |