Financing Cities : Fiscal Responsibility and Urban Infrastructure in Brazil, China, India, Poland and South Africa

This book, Financing cities, emphasized case studies on different topics to look at the interactions of a range of variables and factors and to see how they fit together. Rather than require each case to follow the same format, the authors have str...

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Main Authors: Clarke Annez, Patricia, Peterson, George E.
Format: Publication
Language:English
en_US
Published: New Dehli : Sage Publications and World Bank 2012
Subjects:
TAX
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/01/8003478/financing-cities-fiscal-responsibility-urban-infrastructure-brazil-china-india-poland-south-africa
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6735
id okr-10986-6735
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
en_US
topic ACCOUNTABILITY
ACCOUNTING
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
ASSET BASE
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEETS
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKRUPTCY
BENEFICIARIES
BENEFICIARY
BOND
BONDS
BORROWER
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUDGET SURPLUSES
BUDGETING
BUSINESS CYCLE
CAPITAL FORMATION
CAPITAL MARKETS
CAPITAL OUTLAYS
CAPITAL REQUIREMENT
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
CASH BALANCES
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE
COLLATERAL
COMMERCIAL BANKS
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
CREDIT GUARANTEES
CREDIT LINE
CREDIT LINES
CREDIT MARKET
CREDIT MARKETS
CREDIT RATING
CREDIT RATING INFORMATION
CREDIT RISK
CREDITOR
DEBT LEVELS
DEBT MANAGEMENT
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT RESTRUCTURING
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICING
DEBT STOCK
DEBT-SERVICE
DEBTS
DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS
DEFAULTERS
DEFAULTS
DEFICITS
DERIVATIVES
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
DIRECTED CREDIT
DISBURSEMENTS
DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
ECONOMIC REFORM
EMERGING MARKET
EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES
EMERGING MARKETS
EQUALIZATION
EXPENDITURE
EXPENDITURES
FINANCE INTERMEDIARY
FINANCES
FINANCIAL CAPITAL
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL RATIOS
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION
FISCAL DEFICIT
FISCAL DISCIPLINE
FISCAL FEDERALISM
FISCAL POLICY
FIXED CAPITAL
FLOATING INTEREST RATES
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK
GOVERNMENT BORROWING
GOVERNMENT CAPACITY
GOVERNMENT DEBT
GOVERNMENT DEBTS
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
GOVERNMENT FINANCE
GOVERNMENT FINANCES
GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT
GOVERNMENT POLICY
GOVERNMENT REVENUE
GOVERNMENT REVENUES
GOVERNMENT SPENDING
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
HOUSING
INCOME GROWTH
INCOME LEVELS
INCOME TAX
INDEBTED COUNTRIES
INDEBTEDNESS
INFLATION
INFORMATION DISCLOSURE
INFORMATION SYSTEM
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE
INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTRUMENT
INTEREST PAYMENT
INTEREST PAYMENTS
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATES
INTERGOVERNMENTAL FINANCE
INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
INVESTMENT CHOICES
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT POLICY
INVESTMENT PURPOSES
INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS
INVESTMENT SPENDING
ISSUANCE
LAND REFORM
LAND VALUES
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LEGISLATION
LEVIES
LOAN
LOAN GUARANTEES
LOCAL CURRENCY
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE
MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
MACROECONOMIC STABILITY
MARKET ACCESS
MARKET CONDITIONS
MARKET DISCIPLINE
MARKET INTEREST RATES
MONETARY FUND
MORAL HAZARD
MUNICIPAL BOND
MUNICIPAL BONDS
MUNICIPAL BORROWERS
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT
MUNICIPAL FINANCE
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS
MUNICIPALITIES
NATIONAL TREASURY
OPPORTUNITY COST
OUTSTANDING DEBT
PENSION
PENSIONS
PERSONAL INCOME
POLITICAL RISKS
PORTFOLIOS
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE EQUITY
PRIVATE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
PRIVATE FINANCIAL SECTOR
PRODUCTIVITY
PROPERTY TAXES
PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
PUBLIC SERVICES
REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS
REPAYMENT
REPAYMENT SCHEDULE
RESERVE
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
REVENUE ASSIGNMENT
RISK MANAGEMENT
SAVINGS
SECURITIES
SETTLEMENT
SHORT MATURITIES
SUB-NATIONAL BORROWING
SUB-NATIONAL DEBT
SUB-NATIONAL DEBTS
SUB-NATIONAL FINANCES
SUBSIDIARY
TAX
TAX EXEMPTIONS
TAX SYSTEM
TAXATION
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TRADING
TRANSFER PAYMENTS
TRANSPORT
TREATY
TURNOVER
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN ECONOMY
URBANIZATION
USER CHARGES
WATER SUPPLY
spellingShingle ACCOUNTABILITY
ACCOUNTING
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
ASSET BASE
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEETS
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKRUPTCY
BENEFICIARIES
BENEFICIARY
BOND
BONDS
BORROWER
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUDGET SURPLUSES
BUDGETING
BUSINESS CYCLE
CAPITAL FORMATION
CAPITAL MARKETS
CAPITAL OUTLAYS
CAPITAL REQUIREMENT
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
CASH BALANCES
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE
COLLATERAL
COMMERCIAL BANKS
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
CREDIT GUARANTEES
CREDIT LINE
CREDIT LINES
CREDIT MARKET
CREDIT MARKETS
CREDIT RATING
CREDIT RATING INFORMATION
CREDIT RISK
CREDITOR
DEBT LEVELS
DEBT MANAGEMENT
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT RESTRUCTURING
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICING
DEBT STOCK
DEBT-SERVICE
DEBTS
DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS
DEFAULTERS
DEFAULTS
DEFICITS
DERIVATIVES
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
DIRECTED CREDIT
DISBURSEMENTS
DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
ECONOMIC REFORM
EMERGING MARKET
EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES
EMERGING MARKETS
EQUALIZATION
EXPENDITURE
EXPENDITURES
FINANCE INTERMEDIARY
FINANCES
FINANCIAL CAPITAL
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL RATIOS
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION
FISCAL DEFICIT
FISCAL DISCIPLINE
FISCAL FEDERALISM
FISCAL POLICY
FIXED CAPITAL
FLOATING INTEREST RATES
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK
GOVERNMENT BORROWING
GOVERNMENT CAPACITY
GOVERNMENT DEBT
GOVERNMENT DEBTS
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
GOVERNMENT FINANCE
GOVERNMENT FINANCES
GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT
GOVERNMENT POLICY
GOVERNMENT REVENUE
GOVERNMENT REVENUES
GOVERNMENT SPENDING
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
HOUSING
INCOME GROWTH
INCOME LEVELS
INCOME TAX
INDEBTED COUNTRIES
INDEBTEDNESS
INFLATION
INFORMATION DISCLOSURE
INFORMATION SYSTEM
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE
INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTRUMENT
INTEREST PAYMENT
INTEREST PAYMENTS
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATES
INTERGOVERNMENTAL FINANCE
INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
INVESTMENT CHOICES
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT POLICY
INVESTMENT PURPOSES
INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS
INVESTMENT SPENDING
ISSUANCE
LAND REFORM
LAND VALUES
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LEGISLATION
LEVIES
LOAN
LOAN GUARANTEES
LOCAL CURRENCY
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE
MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
MACROECONOMIC STABILITY
MARKET ACCESS
MARKET CONDITIONS
MARKET DISCIPLINE
MARKET INTEREST RATES
MONETARY FUND
MORAL HAZARD
MUNICIPAL BOND
MUNICIPAL BONDS
MUNICIPAL BORROWERS
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT
MUNICIPAL FINANCE
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS
MUNICIPALITIES
NATIONAL TREASURY
OPPORTUNITY COST
OUTSTANDING DEBT
PENSION
PENSIONS
PERSONAL INCOME
POLITICAL RISKS
PORTFOLIOS
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE EQUITY
PRIVATE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
PRIVATE FINANCIAL SECTOR
PRODUCTIVITY
PROPERTY TAXES
PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
PUBLIC SERVICES
REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS
REPAYMENT
REPAYMENT SCHEDULE
RESERVE
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
REVENUE ASSIGNMENT
RISK MANAGEMENT
SAVINGS
SECURITIES
SETTLEMENT
SHORT MATURITIES
SUB-NATIONAL BORROWING
SUB-NATIONAL DEBT
SUB-NATIONAL DEBTS
SUB-NATIONAL FINANCES
SUBSIDIARY
TAX
TAX EXEMPTIONS
TAX SYSTEM
TAXATION
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TRADING
TRANSFER PAYMENTS
TRANSPORT
TREATY
TURNOVER
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN ECONOMY
URBANIZATION
USER CHARGES
WATER SUPPLY
Clarke Annez, Patricia
Peterson, George E.
Financing Cities : Fiscal Responsibility and Urban Infrastructure in Brazil, China, India, Poland and South Africa
geographic_facet Africa
East Asia and Pacific
Europe and Central Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
South Asia
description This book, Financing cities, emphasized case studies on different topics to look at the interactions of a range of variables and factors and to see how they fit together. Rather than require each case to follow the same format, the authors have structured their papers around the issues that matter most from their perspective in addressing the topic in hand. The first part of this book presents case studies describing the framework established at the national level to promote urban infrastructure finance while ensuring fiscal discipline and reviewing recent experience as well as future challenges. The subjects covered include the impact of political and fiscal decentralization, limitations on borrowing, managing moral hazard, the role of the financial sector, the achieving of the right balance between stringent controls and encouragement of local governments taking responsibility for fiscal discipline coupled with market discipline. The cases featured include three of the world's largest decentralized nations; together the five countries featured in the conference account for nearly a third of the world's urban population. Part I includes case studies for each of the five countries featured in the conference: Brazil (Chapter 1), China (Chapter 2), India (Chapter 3), Poland (Chapter 4) and South Africa (Chapter 5). Part II then shifts from the frameworks for fiscal discipline to urban infrastructure investments and the strategies used to mobilize investment funding. Chapters 6 and 7 examine the financing strategies for urban infrastructure in Shanghai and Brazil respectively. The next two chapters focus on specialized intermediaries offering urban infrastructure finance in cities. One is a fully private venture in South Africa (Chapter 9) while the other, in Tamil Nadu, India (Chapter 8), is a spin-off of a government fund with minority private ownership. The final two chapters examine experiences with two other mechanisms for mobilizing funding for infrastructure investments from the private sector, land leasing and sales (Chapter 10) and private participation in infrastructure operations (Chapter 11).
format Publications & Research :: Publication
author Clarke Annez, Patricia
Peterson, George E.
author_facet Clarke Annez, Patricia
Peterson, George E.
author_sort Clarke Annez, Patricia
title Financing Cities : Fiscal Responsibility and Urban Infrastructure in Brazil, China, India, Poland and South Africa
title_short Financing Cities : Fiscal Responsibility and Urban Infrastructure in Brazil, China, India, Poland and South Africa
title_full Financing Cities : Fiscal Responsibility and Urban Infrastructure in Brazil, China, India, Poland and South Africa
title_fullStr Financing Cities : Fiscal Responsibility and Urban Infrastructure in Brazil, China, India, Poland and South Africa
title_full_unstemmed Financing Cities : Fiscal Responsibility and Urban Infrastructure in Brazil, China, India, Poland and South Africa
title_sort financing cities : fiscal responsibility and urban infrastructure in brazil, china, india, poland and south africa
publisher New Dehli : Sage Publications and World Bank
publishDate 2012
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/01/8003478/financing-cities-fiscal-responsibility-urban-infrastructure-brazil-china-india-poland-south-africa
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6735
_version_ 1764398407411040256
spelling okr-10986-67352021-04-23T14:02:26Z Financing Cities : Fiscal Responsibility and Urban Infrastructure in Brazil, China, India, Poland and South Africa Clarke Annez, Patricia Peterson, George E. ACCOUNTABILITY ACCOUNTING ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS ASSET BASE BAILOUTS BALANCE SHEETS BANKING SECTOR BANKING SYSTEM BANKRUPTCY BENEFICIARIES BENEFICIARY BOND BONDS BORROWER BUDGET CONSTRAINTS BUDGET SURPLUSES BUDGETING BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITAL FORMATION CAPITAL MARKETS CAPITAL OUTLAYS CAPITAL REQUIREMENT CAPITAL STRUCTURE CASH BALANCES CENTRAL BANK CENTRAL GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE COLLATERAL COMMERCIAL BANKS CONTINGENT LIABILITIES CREDIT GUARANTEES CREDIT LINE CREDIT LINES CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CREDIT RATING CREDIT RATING INFORMATION CREDIT RISK CREDITOR DEBT LEVELS DEBT MANAGEMENT DEBT OBLIGATIONS DEBT RESTRUCTURING DEBT SERVICE DEBT SERVICING DEBT STOCK DEBT-SERVICE DEBTS DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS DEFAULTERS DEFAULTS DEFICITS DERIVATIVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT FINANCE DIRECTED CREDIT DISBURSEMENTS DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS ECONOMIC REFORM EMERGING MARKET EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES EMERGING MARKETS EQUALIZATION EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES FINANCE INTERMEDIARY FINANCES FINANCIAL CAPITAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FINANCIAL MARKET FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL RATIOS FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION FISCAL DEFICIT FISCAL DISCIPLINE FISCAL FEDERALISM FISCAL POLICY FIXED CAPITAL FLOATING INTEREST RATES FOREIGN BANKS FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK GOVERNMENT BORROWING GOVERNMENT CAPACITY GOVERNMENT DEBT GOVERNMENT DEBTS GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE GOVERNMENT FINANCE GOVERNMENT FINANCES GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT GOVERNMENT POLICY GOVERNMENT REVENUE GOVERNMENT REVENUES GOVERNMENT SPENDING GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HOUSING INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVELS INCOME TAX INDEBTED COUNTRIES INDEBTEDNESS INFLATION INFORMATION DISCLOSURE INFORMATION SYSTEM INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY INSTRUMENT INTEREST PAYMENT INTEREST PAYMENTS INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERGOVERNMENTAL FINANCE INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS INVESTMENT CHOICES INVESTMENT DECISIONS INVESTMENT POLICY INVESTMENT PURPOSES INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS INVESTMENT SPENDING ISSUANCE LAND REFORM LAND VALUES LEGAL ENVIRONMENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK LEGISLATION LEVIES LOAN LOAN GUARANTEES LOCAL CURRENCY LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONDITIONS MARKET DISCIPLINE MARKET INTEREST RATES MONETARY FUND MORAL HAZARD MUNICIPAL BOND MUNICIPAL BONDS MUNICIPAL BORROWERS MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT MUNICIPAL FINANCE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS MUNICIPALITIES NATIONAL TREASURY OPPORTUNITY COST OUTSTANDING DEBT PENSION PENSIONS PERSONAL INCOME POLITICAL RISKS PORTFOLIOS PRIVATE CAPITAL PRIVATE EQUITY PRIVATE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS PRIVATE FINANCIAL SECTOR PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY TAXES PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS PUBLIC DEBT PUBLIC FINANCE PUBLIC FINANCES PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SERVICES REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS REPAYMENT REPAYMENT SCHEDULE RESERVE RESOURCE ALLOCATION REVENUE ASSIGNMENT RISK MANAGEMENT SAVINGS SECURITIES SETTLEMENT SHORT MATURITIES SUB-NATIONAL BORROWING SUB-NATIONAL DEBT SUB-NATIONAL DEBTS SUB-NATIONAL FINANCES SUBSIDIARY TAX TAX EXEMPTIONS TAX SYSTEM TAXATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRADING TRANSFER PAYMENTS TRANSPORT TREATY TURNOVER URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN ECONOMY URBANIZATION USER CHARGES WATER SUPPLY This book, Financing cities, emphasized case studies on different topics to look at the interactions of a range of variables and factors and to see how they fit together. Rather than require each case to follow the same format, the authors have structured their papers around the issues that matter most from their perspective in addressing the topic in hand. The first part of this book presents case studies describing the framework established at the national level to promote urban infrastructure finance while ensuring fiscal discipline and reviewing recent experience as well as future challenges. The subjects covered include the impact of political and fiscal decentralization, limitations on borrowing, managing moral hazard, the role of the financial sector, the achieving of the right balance between stringent controls and encouragement of local governments taking responsibility for fiscal discipline coupled with market discipline. The cases featured include three of the world's largest decentralized nations; together the five countries featured in the conference account for nearly a third of the world's urban population. Part I includes case studies for each of the five countries featured in the conference: Brazil (Chapter 1), China (Chapter 2), India (Chapter 3), Poland (Chapter 4) and South Africa (Chapter 5). Part II then shifts from the frameworks for fiscal discipline to urban infrastructure investments and the strategies used to mobilize investment funding. Chapters 6 and 7 examine the financing strategies for urban infrastructure in Shanghai and Brazil respectively. The next two chapters focus on specialized intermediaries offering urban infrastructure finance in cities. One is a fully private venture in South Africa (Chapter 9) while the other, in Tamil Nadu, India (Chapter 8), is a spin-off of a government fund with minority private ownership. The final two chapters examine experiences with two other mechanisms for mobilizing funding for infrastructure investments from the private sector, land leasing and sales (Chapter 10) and private participation in infrastructure operations (Chapter 11). 2012-05-31T14:28:48Z 2012-05-31T14:28:48Z 2007 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/01/8003478/financing-cities-fiscal-responsibility-urban-infrastructure-brazil-china-india-poland-south-africa 978-0-7610-3564-3 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6735 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank New Dehli : Sage Publications and World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research :: Publication Africa East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean South Asia