Earnings Inequality Within and Across Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Groups in Four Latin American Countries

Latin American countries are generally characterized as displaying high income and earnings inequality overall along with high inequality by gender, race, and ethnicity. However, the latter phenomenon is not a major contributor to the former pheno...

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Main Authors:	Cunningham, Wendy, Jacobsen, Joyce P.
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	ACCESS OF GIRLS ACCESS OF GIRLS TO EDUCATION ACCOUNTING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIES ANTIDISCRIMINATION BETWEEN-GROUP INEQUALITY CALCULATIONS CASH TRANSFERS CHILD LABOR CONTRIBUTION DATA SET DATA SETS DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS DEVELOPING AREAS DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION EARNINGS EARNINGS INEQUALITY EARNINGS MEASURE EARNINGS MEASURES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMIC STUDIES EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENDOWMENTS ENROLLMENT ENTRY POINTS EQUAL PARTNERS EQUAL PAY EQUAL RIGHTS EQUAL TREATMENT ETHNIC GROUPS EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXTREME POVERTY FAMILY INCOMES FEMALE FINANCIAL SUPPORT GENDER GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER QUOTAS GENDERS GLOBAL ECONOMY GREATER ACCESS GROUP INEQUALITIES GROUP INEQUALITY HIGH INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME INEQUALITY INDIGENOUS WOMEN INEQUALITIES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CHANGES INEQUALITY INDEX INEQUALITY LEVELS INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASUREMENT INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY VALUES INFORMAL SECTOR INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY INTERNATIONAL BANK LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LATIN AMERICAN LEGISLATION MEAN CHARACTERISTIC MEASURE OF EARNINGS MEASURED INEQUALITY MEASURING INCOME INEQUALITY MEASURING INEQUALITY MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES NET CHANGE NET EFFECT NORMAL DISTRIBUTION PEOPLES PERSISTENT INEQUALITY POLICY MEASURES POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION STUDIES POPULATION SUBGROUPS POSITIVE EFFECT POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SECTOR RACIAL GROUPS REDISTRIBUTION POLICIES REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGRESSION ANALYSIS REGRESSION RESULTS RESEARCH ASSISTANCE RISING INEQUALITY SECONDARY EDUCATION SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL PROTECTION SOURCE OF INCOME SOUTH AMERICA VALUABLE VOUCHERS WAGE DIFFERENTIAL WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE GAP WAGE GAPS WILL WOMAN WORTH
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/04/9355521/earnings-inequality-within-across-gender-racial-ethnic-groups-four-latin-american-countries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6724

id	okr-10986-6724
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spelling	okr-10986-67242021-04-23T14:02:31Z Earnings Inequality Within and Across Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Groups in Four Latin American Countries Cunningham, Wendy Jacobsen, Joyce P. ACCESS OF GIRLS ACCESS OF GIRLS TO EDUCATION ACCOUNTING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIES ANTIDISCRIMINATION BETWEEN-GROUP INEQUALITY CALCULATIONS CASH TRANSFERS CHILD LABOR CONTRIBUTION DATA SET DATA SETS DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS DEVELOPING AREAS DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION EARNINGS EARNINGS INEQUALITY EARNINGS MEASURE EARNINGS MEASURES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMIC STUDIES EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENDOWMENTS ENROLLMENT ENTRY POINTS EQUAL PARTNERS EQUAL PAY EQUAL RIGHTS EQUAL TREATMENT ETHNIC GROUPS EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXTREME POVERTY FAMILY INCOMES FEMALE FINANCIAL SUPPORT GENDER GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER QUOTAS GENDERS GLOBAL ECONOMY GREATER ACCESS GROUP INEQUALITIES GROUP INEQUALITY HIGH INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME INEQUALITY INDIGENOUS WOMEN INEQUALITIES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CHANGES INEQUALITY INDEX INEQUALITY LEVELS INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASUREMENT INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY VALUES INFORMAL SECTOR INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY INTERNATIONAL BANK LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LATIN AMERICAN LEGISLATION MEAN CHARACTERISTIC MEASURE OF EARNINGS MEASURED INEQUALITY MEASURING INCOME INEQUALITY MEASURING INEQUALITY MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES NET CHANGE NET EFFECT NORMAL DISTRIBUTION PEOPLES PERSISTENT INEQUALITY POLICY MEASURES POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION STUDIES POPULATION SUBGROUPS POSITIVE EFFECT POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SECTOR RACIAL GROUPS REDISTRIBUTION POLICIES REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGRESSION ANALYSIS REGRESSION RESULTS RESEARCH ASSISTANCE RISING INEQUALITY SECONDARY EDUCATION SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL PROTECTION SOURCE OF INCOME SOUTH AMERICA VALUABLE VOUCHERS WAGE DIFFERENTIAL WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE GAP WAGE GAPS WILL WOMAN WORTH Latin American countries are generally characterized as displaying high income and earnings inequality overall along with high inequality by gender, race, and ethnicity. However, the latter phenomenon is not a major contributor to the former phenomenon. Using household survey data from four Latin American countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, and Guyana) for which stratification by race or ethnicity is possible, this paper demonstrates (using Theil index decompositions as well as Gini indices, and 90/10 and 50/10 percentile comparisons) that within-group earnings inequality rather than between-group earnings inequality is the main contributor to overall earnings inequality. Simulations in which the relatively disadvantaged gender and/or racial/ethnic group is treated as if it were the relatively advantaged group tend to reduce overall earnings inequality measures only slightly and in some cases have the effect of increasing earnings inequality measures. 2012-05-30T22:10:12Z 2012-05-30T22:10:12Z 2008-04 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/04/9355521/earnings-inequality-within-across-gender-racial-ethnic-groups-four-latin-american-countries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6724 English Policy Research Working Paper No. 4591 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Latin America & Caribbean Bolivia Guyana Brazil Guatemala
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ACCESS OF GIRLS ACCESS OF GIRLS TO EDUCATION ACCOUNTING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIES ANTIDISCRIMINATION BETWEEN-GROUP INEQUALITY CALCULATIONS CASH TRANSFERS CHILD LABOR CONTRIBUTION DATA SET DATA SETS DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS DEVELOPING AREAS DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION EARNINGS EARNINGS INEQUALITY EARNINGS MEASURE EARNINGS MEASURES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMIC STUDIES EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENDOWMENTS ENROLLMENT ENTRY POINTS EQUAL PARTNERS EQUAL PAY EQUAL RIGHTS EQUAL TREATMENT ETHNIC GROUPS EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXTREME POVERTY FAMILY INCOMES FEMALE FINANCIAL SUPPORT GENDER GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER QUOTAS GENDERS GLOBAL ECONOMY GREATER ACCESS GROUP INEQUALITIES GROUP INEQUALITY HIGH INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME INEQUALITY INDIGENOUS WOMEN INEQUALITIES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CHANGES INEQUALITY INDEX INEQUALITY LEVELS INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASUREMENT INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY VALUES INFORMAL SECTOR INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY INTERNATIONAL BANK LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LATIN AMERICAN LEGISLATION MEAN CHARACTERISTIC MEASURE OF EARNINGS MEASURED INEQUALITY MEASURING INCOME INEQUALITY MEASURING INEQUALITY MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES NET CHANGE NET EFFECT NORMAL DISTRIBUTION PEOPLES PERSISTENT INEQUALITY POLICY MEASURES POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION STUDIES POPULATION SUBGROUPS POSITIVE EFFECT POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SECTOR RACIAL GROUPS REDISTRIBUTION POLICIES REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGRESSION ANALYSIS REGRESSION RESULTS RESEARCH ASSISTANCE RISING INEQUALITY SECONDARY EDUCATION SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL PROTECTION SOURCE OF INCOME SOUTH AMERICA VALUABLE VOUCHERS WAGE DIFFERENTIAL WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE GAP WAGE GAPS WILL WOMAN WORTH
spellingShingle	ACCESS OF GIRLS ACCESS OF GIRLS TO EDUCATION ACCOUNTING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIES ANTIDISCRIMINATION BETWEEN-GROUP INEQUALITY CALCULATIONS CASH TRANSFERS CHILD LABOR CONTRIBUTION DATA SET DATA SETS DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS DEVELOPING AREAS DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION EARNINGS EARNINGS INEQUALITY EARNINGS MEASURE EARNINGS MEASURES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMIC STUDIES EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENDOWMENTS ENROLLMENT ENTRY POINTS EQUAL PARTNERS EQUAL PAY EQUAL RIGHTS EQUAL TREATMENT ETHNIC GROUPS EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXTREME POVERTY FAMILY INCOMES FEMALE FINANCIAL SUPPORT GENDER GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER QUOTAS GENDERS GLOBAL ECONOMY GREATER ACCESS GROUP INEQUALITIES GROUP INEQUALITY HIGH INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME INEQUALITY INDIGENOUS WOMEN INEQUALITIES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CHANGES INEQUALITY INDEX INEQUALITY LEVELS INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASUREMENT INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY VALUES INFORMAL SECTOR INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY INTERNATIONAL BANK LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LATIN AMERICAN LEGISLATION MEAN CHARACTERISTIC MEASURE OF EARNINGS MEASURED INEQUALITY MEASURING INCOME INEQUALITY MEASURING INEQUALITY MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES NET CHANGE NET EFFECT NORMAL DISTRIBUTION PEOPLES PERSISTENT INEQUALITY POLICY MEASURES POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION STUDIES POPULATION SUBGROUPS POSITIVE EFFECT POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SECTOR RACIAL GROUPS REDISTRIBUTION POLICIES REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGRESSION ANALYSIS REGRESSION RESULTS RESEARCH ASSISTANCE RISING INEQUALITY SECONDARY EDUCATION SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL PROTECTION SOURCE OF INCOME SOUTH AMERICA VALUABLE VOUCHERS WAGE DIFFERENTIAL WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE GAP WAGE GAPS WILL WOMAN WORTH Cunningham, Wendy Jacobsen, Joyce P. Earnings Inequality Within and Across Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Groups in Four Latin American Countries
geographic_facet	Latin America & Caribbean Bolivia Guyana Brazil Guatemala
relation	Policy Research Working Paper No. 4591
description	Latin American countries are generally characterized as displaying high income and earnings inequality overall along with high inequality by gender, race, and ethnicity. However, the latter phenomenon is not a major contributor to the former phenomenon. Using household survey data from four Latin American countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, and Guyana) for which stratification by race or ethnicity is possible, this paper demonstrates (using Theil index decompositions as well as Gini indices, and 90/10 and 50/10 percentile comparisons) that within-group earnings inequality rather than between-group earnings inequality is the main contributor to overall earnings inequality. Simulations in which the relatively disadvantaged gender and/or racial/ethnic group is treated as if it were the relatively advantaged group tend to reduce overall earnings inequality measures only slightly and in some cases have the effect of increasing earnings inequality measures.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Cunningham, Wendy Jacobsen, Joyce P.
author_facet	Cunningham, Wendy Jacobsen, Joyce P.
author_sort	Cunningham, Wendy
title	Earnings Inequality Within and Across Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Groups in Four Latin American Countries
title_short	Earnings Inequality Within and Across Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Groups in Four Latin American Countries
title_full	Earnings Inequality Within and Across Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Groups in Four Latin American Countries
title_fullStr	Earnings Inequality Within and Across Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Groups in Four Latin American Countries
title_full_unstemmed	Earnings Inequality Within and Across Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Groups in Four Latin American Countries
title_sort	earnings inequality within and across gender, racial, and ethnic groups in four latin american countries
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2012
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/04/9355521/earnings-inequality-within-across-gender-racial-ethnic-groups-four-latin-american-countries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6724
_version_	1764400777399369728

Earnings Inequality Within and Across Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Groups in Four Latin American Countries

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