Armed Conflict and Schooling : Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide

Civil war, and genocide in particular, are among the most destructive of social phenomena, especially for children of school-going age. In Rwanda school enrollment trends suggest that the school system recovered quickly after 1994, but these number...

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Main Authors:	Akresh, Richard, de Walque, Damien
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ADULTS AGE COHORT ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AVERAGE SCHOOLING BOMBING BOMBINGS CHILDREN OF SCHOOL-GOING AGE CIVIL CONFLICT CIVIL WAR CIVIL WARS COMBATANTS COMPLETION RATE COMPLETION RATES CURRENT POPULATION DEATHS DEMOBILIZATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISARMAMENT EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION OUTCOMES EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES ENROLLMENT EXCESS MORTALITY FEMALE SCHOOLING FIGHTING FIRST GRADE GENERATION OF CHILDREN GENOCIDE GIRLS GRADE COMPLETION RATE GRAVE GRAVES HIGHER EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RIGHTS IMF IMPACT ON CHILDREN INTERNATIONAL BANK LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY MASSACRE MILITIA MINORITY MORTALITY MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE NUMBER OF CHILDREN OLD AGE OLDER CHILDREN ORPHANS PEACE PEACE RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL TURMOIL POOR FAMILIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION STUDIES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLING PROGRESS PUBLIC SERVICES RADIO REBEL RECONSTRUCTION REFUGEES REPATRIATION REPETITION RATES RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS SCHOOL AGE SCHOOL BUILDINGS SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SCHOOL SYSTEM SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOL-AGE SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN SCHOOLING OF GIRLS SCHOOLS SECONDARY SCHOOLING SOCIAL SECURITY SOLDIERS SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA TEACHERS VICTIMS VIOLENCE WAGES WARS YOUNG AGES YOUNG CHILD YOUNG CHILDREN YOUTH
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/04/9481304/armed-conflict-schooling-evidence-1994-rwandan-genocide http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6646

id	okr-10986-6646
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-66462021-04-23T14:02:32Z Armed Conflict and Schooling : Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide Akresh, Richard de Walque, Damien ACCESS TO EDUCATION ADULTS AGE COHORT ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AVERAGE SCHOOLING BOMBING BOMBINGS CHILDREN OF SCHOOL-GOING AGE CIVIL CONFLICT CIVIL WAR CIVIL WARS COMBATANTS COMPLETION RATE COMPLETION RATES CURRENT POPULATION DEATHS DEMOBILIZATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISARMAMENT EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION OUTCOMES EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES ENROLLMENT EXCESS MORTALITY FEMALE SCHOOLING FIGHTING FIRST GRADE GENERATION OF CHILDREN GENOCIDE GIRLS GRADE COMPLETION RATE GRAVE GRAVES HIGHER EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RIGHTS IMF IMPACT ON CHILDREN INTERNATIONAL BANK LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY MASSACRE MILITIA MINORITY MORTALITY MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE NUMBER OF CHILDREN OLD AGE OLDER CHILDREN ORPHANS PEACE PEACE RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL TURMOIL POOR FAMILIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION STUDIES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLING PROGRESS PUBLIC SERVICES RADIO REBEL RECONSTRUCTION REFUGEES REPATRIATION REPETITION RATES RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS SCHOOL AGE SCHOOL BUILDINGS SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SCHOOL SYSTEM SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOL-AGE SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN SCHOOLING OF GIRLS SCHOOLS SECONDARY SCHOOLING SOCIAL SECURITY SOLDIERS SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA TEACHERS VICTIMS VIOLENCE WAGES WARS YOUNG AGES YOUNG CHILD YOUNG CHILDREN YOUTH Civil war, and genocide in particular, are among the most destructive of social phenomena, especially for children of school-going age. In Rwanda school enrollment trends suggest that the school system recovered quickly after 1994, but these numbers do not tell the full story. Two cross-sectional household surveys collected before and after the genocide are used to compare children in the same age group who were and were not exposed to the genocide - and their educational outcomes are substantially different. Children exposed to the genocide experienced a drop in educational achievement of almost one-half year of completed schooling, and are 15 percentage points less likely to complete third or fourth grade. Sustained effort is needed to reinforce educational institutions and offer a "second chance" to those youth most affected by the conflict. 2012-05-30T14:47:33Z 2012-05-30T14:47:33Z 2008-04 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/04/9481304/armed-conflict-schooling-evidence-1994-rwandan-genocide http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6646 English Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4606 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Africa Rwanda
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ADULTS AGE COHORT ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AVERAGE SCHOOLING BOMBING BOMBINGS CHILDREN OF SCHOOL-GOING AGE CIVIL CONFLICT CIVIL WAR CIVIL WARS COMBATANTS COMPLETION RATE COMPLETION RATES CURRENT POPULATION DEATHS DEMOBILIZATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISARMAMENT EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION OUTCOMES EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES ENROLLMENT EXCESS MORTALITY FEMALE SCHOOLING FIGHTING FIRST GRADE GENERATION OF CHILDREN GENOCIDE GIRLS GRADE COMPLETION RATE GRAVE GRAVES HIGHER EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RIGHTS IMF IMPACT ON CHILDREN INTERNATIONAL BANK LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY MASSACRE MILITIA MINORITY MORTALITY MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE NUMBER OF CHILDREN OLD AGE OLDER CHILDREN ORPHANS PEACE PEACE RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL TURMOIL POOR FAMILIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION STUDIES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLING PROGRESS PUBLIC SERVICES RADIO REBEL RECONSTRUCTION REFUGEES REPATRIATION REPETITION RATES RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS SCHOOL AGE SCHOOL BUILDINGS SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SCHOOL SYSTEM SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOL-AGE SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN SCHOOLING OF GIRLS SCHOOLS SECONDARY SCHOOLING SOCIAL SECURITY SOLDIERS SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA TEACHERS VICTIMS VIOLENCE WAGES WARS YOUNG AGES YOUNG CHILD YOUNG CHILDREN YOUTH
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ADULTS AGE COHORT ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AVERAGE SCHOOLING BOMBING BOMBINGS CHILDREN OF SCHOOL-GOING AGE CIVIL CONFLICT CIVIL WAR CIVIL WARS COMBATANTS COMPLETION RATE COMPLETION RATES CURRENT POPULATION DEATHS DEMOBILIZATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISARMAMENT EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION OUTCOMES EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES ENROLLMENT EXCESS MORTALITY FEMALE SCHOOLING FIGHTING FIRST GRADE GENERATION OF CHILDREN GENOCIDE GIRLS GRADE COMPLETION RATE GRAVE GRAVES HIGHER EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RIGHTS IMF IMPACT ON CHILDREN INTERNATIONAL BANK LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY MASSACRE MILITIA MINORITY MORTALITY MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE NUMBER OF CHILDREN OLD AGE OLDER CHILDREN ORPHANS PEACE PEACE RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL TURMOIL POOR FAMILIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION STUDIES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLING PROGRESS PUBLIC SERVICES RADIO REBEL RECONSTRUCTION REFUGEES REPATRIATION REPETITION RATES RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS SCHOOL AGE SCHOOL BUILDINGS SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SCHOOL SYSTEM SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOL-AGE SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN SCHOOLING OF GIRLS SCHOOLS SECONDARY SCHOOLING SOCIAL SECURITY SOLDIERS SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA TEACHERS VICTIMS VIOLENCE WAGES WARS YOUNG AGES YOUNG CHILD YOUNG CHILDREN YOUTH Akresh, Richard de Walque, Damien Armed Conflict and Schooling : Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
geographic_facet	Africa Rwanda
relation	Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4606
description	Civil war, and genocide in particular, are among the most destructive of social phenomena, especially for children of school-going age. In Rwanda school enrollment trends suggest that the school system recovered quickly after 1994, but these numbers do not tell the full story. Two cross-sectional household surveys collected before and after the genocide are used to compare children in the same age group who were and were not exposed to the genocide - and their educational outcomes are substantially different. Children exposed to the genocide experienced a drop in educational achievement of almost one-half year of completed schooling, and are 15 percentage points less likely to complete third or fourth grade. Sustained effort is needed to reinforce educational institutions and offer a "second chance" to those youth most affected by the conflict.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Akresh, Richard de Walque, Damien
author_facet	Akresh, Richard de Walque, Damien
author_sort	Akresh, Richard
title	Armed Conflict and Schooling : Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
title_short	Armed Conflict and Schooling : Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
title_full	Armed Conflict and Schooling : Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
title_fullStr	Armed Conflict and Schooling : Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
title_full_unstemmed	Armed Conflict and Schooling : Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
title_sort	armed conflict and schooling : evidence from the 1994 rwandan genocide
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2012
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/04/9481304/armed-conflict-schooling-evidence-1994-rwandan-genocide http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6646
_version_	1764400855686053888

Armed Conflict and Schooling : Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide

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