How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources?
Private tutoring is now a major component of the education sector in many developing countries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges and makes use of it. Various criticisms have been raised against private tutoring, most notably that it exa...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2012
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/02/9032892/interpret-growing-phenomenon-private-tutoring-human-capital-deepening-inequality-increasing-or-waste-resources http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6587 |
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okr-10986-6587 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
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World Bank |
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English |
| topic |
ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE ACADEMIC RANKING ACADEMIC SUBJECTS ACHIEVEMENTS ADOLESCENTS ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION BASIC SKILLS CHILD CARE CHILD LABOR CLASS SIZES CLASSROOM TEACHERS COLLEGE EDUCATION COLLEGE ENTRANCE COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS COLLEGE STUDENTS COLLEGES COMMUNITY FINANCING CONSUMER CONSUMERS CONTRIBUTIONS CORRESPONDENCE COURSE CULTURAL VALUES CURRICULUM DELIVERY MECHANISM DEMAND FOR EDUCATION DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN DISSERTATION EARLY GRADES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATION AGENDA EDUCATION ECONOMICS EDUCATION EXPENDITURE EDUCATION EXPENDITURES EDUCATION EXPERTS EDUCATION OUTCOMES EDUCATION POLICIES EDUCATION POLICY EDUCATION PROGRAMS EDUCATION QUALITY EDUCATION REFORM EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATION SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PLANNING EDUCATIONAL POLICY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY EDUCATIONAL REFORM EDUCATIONAL REFORMS EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL SUBSIDIES EFFECTIVE EDUCATION ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS EMPLOYMENT ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT RATES EXAM EXPENDITURES FIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FORMAL EDUCATION FORMAL EDUCATION SECTOR FORMAL SCHOOL SYSTEMS FORMAL SCHOOLING GENDER INEQUALITY GIRLS GRADE REPETITION GROSS ENROLLMENT GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES GROSS ENROLMENT GROSS ENROLMENT RATES HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS HIGH SCHOOLS HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER INCOMES HOMEWORK HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SPENDING HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME LEVELS INDIVIDUAL LEARNER INSTRUCTION INSTRUCTIONAL TIME INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION INTERVENTIONS INVESTING JOB MARKET LABOR MARKET LAW SCHOOLS LEARNING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LITERACY LITERATURE LOW-INCOME MARKET ECONOMY MATH MATHEMATICS MIDDLE SCHOOL NUMBER OF STUDENTS PAPERS PARENTAL CHOICE PARENTAL EDUCATION PERFORMANCE AT SCHOOL POOR PEOPLE PREPARATORY SCHOOLS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIMARY STUDENTS PRIMARY-SCHOOL PRIVATE EDUCATION PRIVATE SCHOOL PRIVATE SCHOOLING PRIVATE SCHOOLS PRIVATE TUTORING PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS PUBLIC SCHOOL PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM PUBLIC SCHOOLING PUBLIC SCHOOLS PUBLISHERS QUALITY OF EDUCATION RATES OF RETURN READING READING ACHIEVEMENT REASONING REGIONAL WORKSHOP REGULAR CLASSROOM REGULAR TEACHERS REMEDIAL EDUCATION REPETITION REPETITION RATES RESEARCH EVALUATION RESEARCHERS RETIRED RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL AREAS RURAL SCHOOLS SCHOOL ACTIVITIES SCHOOL AGE SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN SCHOOL CHILDREN SCHOOL EDUCATION SCHOOL FINANCE SCHOOL HOURS SCHOOL LEARNING SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOL REFORM SCHOOL SIZE SCHOOL TEACHER SCHOOL TEACHERS SCHOOL VOUCHERS SCHOOL-LEAVING EXAMINATIONS SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SCIENCE STUDY SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS SECONDARY STUDENTS SHORT COURSES STANDARDIZED TESTS STOCK EXCHANGE STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT STUDENT ASSESSMENT STUDENT ASSESSMENTS STUDENT ATTENDANCE STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS STUDENT LEARNING STUDENT OUTCOMES STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT SATISFACTION SYLLABI TEACHER TEACHERS TEST SCORES TRAINING COURSES TUITION TUTORING TUTORING PROGRAMS TUTORS UNIVERSITIES UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMS UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS UNIVERSITY STUDENTS UPPER-SECONDARY STUDENTS URBAN SCHOOLS WAGE YOUTH |
| spellingShingle |
ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE ACADEMIC RANKING ACADEMIC SUBJECTS ACHIEVEMENTS ADOLESCENTS ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION BASIC SKILLS CHILD CARE CHILD LABOR CLASS SIZES CLASSROOM TEACHERS COLLEGE EDUCATION COLLEGE ENTRANCE COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS COLLEGE STUDENTS COLLEGES COMMUNITY FINANCING CONSUMER CONSUMERS CONTRIBUTIONS CORRESPONDENCE COURSE CULTURAL VALUES CURRICULUM DELIVERY MECHANISM DEMAND FOR EDUCATION DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN DISSERTATION EARLY GRADES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATION AGENDA EDUCATION ECONOMICS EDUCATION EXPENDITURE EDUCATION EXPENDITURES EDUCATION EXPERTS EDUCATION OUTCOMES EDUCATION POLICIES EDUCATION POLICY EDUCATION PROGRAMS EDUCATION QUALITY EDUCATION REFORM EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATION SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PLANNING EDUCATIONAL POLICY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY EDUCATIONAL REFORM EDUCATIONAL REFORMS EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL SUBSIDIES EFFECTIVE EDUCATION ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS EMPLOYMENT ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT RATES EXAM EXPENDITURES FIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FORMAL EDUCATION FORMAL EDUCATION SECTOR FORMAL SCHOOL SYSTEMS FORMAL SCHOOLING GENDER INEQUALITY GIRLS GRADE REPETITION GROSS ENROLLMENT GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES GROSS ENROLMENT GROSS ENROLMENT RATES HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS HIGH SCHOOLS HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER INCOMES HOMEWORK HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SPENDING HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME LEVELS INDIVIDUAL LEARNER INSTRUCTION INSTRUCTIONAL TIME INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION INTERVENTIONS INVESTING JOB MARKET LABOR MARKET LAW SCHOOLS LEARNING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LITERACY LITERATURE LOW-INCOME MARKET ECONOMY MATH MATHEMATICS MIDDLE SCHOOL NUMBER OF STUDENTS PAPERS PARENTAL CHOICE PARENTAL EDUCATION PERFORMANCE AT SCHOOL POOR PEOPLE PREPARATORY SCHOOLS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIMARY STUDENTS PRIMARY-SCHOOL PRIVATE EDUCATION PRIVATE SCHOOL PRIVATE SCHOOLING PRIVATE SCHOOLS PRIVATE TUTORING PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS PUBLIC SCHOOL PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM PUBLIC SCHOOLING PUBLIC SCHOOLS PUBLISHERS QUALITY OF EDUCATION RATES OF RETURN READING READING ACHIEVEMENT REASONING REGIONAL WORKSHOP REGULAR CLASSROOM REGULAR TEACHERS REMEDIAL EDUCATION REPETITION REPETITION RATES RESEARCH EVALUATION RESEARCHERS RETIRED RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL AREAS RURAL SCHOOLS SCHOOL ACTIVITIES SCHOOL AGE SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN SCHOOL CHILDREN SCHOOL EDUCATION SCHOOL FINANCE SCHOOL HOURS SCHOOL LEARNING SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOL REFORM SCHOOL SIZE SCHOOL TEACHER SCHOOL TEACHERS SCHOOL VOUCHERS SCHOOL-LEAVING EXAMINATIONS SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SCIENCE STUDY SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS SECONDARY STUDENTS SHORT COURSES STANDARDIZED TESTS STOCK EXCHANGE STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT STUDENT ASSESSMENT STUDENT ASSESSMENTS STUDENT ATTENDANCE STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS STUDENT LEARNING STUDENT OUTCOMES STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT SATISFACTION SYLLABI TEACHER TEACHERS TEST SCORES TRAINING COURSES TUITION TUTORING TUTORING PROGRAMS TUTORS UNIVERSITIES UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMS UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS UNIVERSITY STUDENTS UPPER-SECONDARY STUDENTS URBAN SCHOOLS WAGE YOUTH Dang, Hai-Anh Rogers, F. Halsey How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources? |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4530 |
| description |
Private tutoring is now a major
component of the education sector in many developing
countries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges and
makes use of it. Various criticisms have been raised against
private tutoring, most notably that it exacerbates social
inequalities and may even fail to improve student outcomes.
This paper surveys the literature for evidence on private
tutoring-the extent of the tutoring phenomenon, the factors
that explain its growth, and its cost-effectiveness in
improving student academic performance. It also presents a
framework for assessing the efficiency and equity effects of
tutoring. It concludes that tutoring can raise the
effectiveness of the education system under certain
reasonable assumptions, even taking into account equity
concerns, and it offers guidance for attacking corruption
and other problems that diminish the contributions of the
tutoring sector. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Dang, Hai-Anh Rogers, F. Halsey |
| author_facet |
Dang, Hai-Anh Rogers, F. Halsey |
| author_sort |
Dang, Hai-Anh |
| title |
How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources? |
| title_short |
How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources? |
| title_full |
How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources? |
| title_fullStr |
How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources? |
| title_full_unstemmed |
How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources? |
| title_sort |
how to interpret the growing phenomenon of private tutoring : human capital deepening, inequality increasing, or waste of resources? |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/02/9032892/interpret-growing-phenomenon-private-tutoring-human-capital-deepening-inequality-increasing-or-waste-resources http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6587 |
| _version_ |
1764400567569874944 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-65872021-04-23T14:02:31Z How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources? Dang, Hai-Anh Rogers, F. Halsey ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE ACADEMIC RANKING ACADEMIC SUBJECTS ACHIEVEMENTS ADOLESCENTS ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION BASIC SKILLS CHILD CARE CHILD LABOR CLASS SIZES CLASSROOM TEACHERS COLLEGE EDUCATION COLLEGE ENTRANCE COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS COLLEGE STUDENTS COLLEGES COMMUNITY FINANCING CONSUMER CONSUMERS CONTRIBUTIONS CORRESPONDENCE COURSE CULTURAL VALUES CURRICULUM DELIVERY MECHANISM DEMAND FOR EDUCATION DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN DISSERTATION EARLY GRADES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATION AGENDA EDUCATION ECONOMICS EDUCATION EXPENDITURE EDUCATION EXPENDITURES EDUCATION EXPERTS EDUCATION OUTCOMES EDUCATION POLICIES EDUCATION POLICY EDUCATION PROGRAMS EDUCATION QUALITY EDUCATION REFORM EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATION SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PLANNING EDUCATIONAL POLICY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY EDUCATIONAL REFORM EDUCATIONAL REFORMS EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL SUBSIDIES EFFECTIVE EDUCATION ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS EMPLOYMENT ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT RATES EXAM EXPENDITURES FIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FORMAL EDUCATION FORMAL EDUCATION SECTOR FORMAL SCHOOL SYSTEMS FORMAL SCHOOLING GENDER INEQUALITY GIRLS GRADE REPETITION GROSS ENROLLMENT GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES GROSS ENROLMENT GROSS ENROLMENT RATES HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS HIGH SCHOOLS HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER INCOMES HOMEWORK HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SPENDING HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME LEVELS INDIVIDUAL LEARNER INSTRUCTION INSTRUCTIONAL TIME INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION INTERVENTIONS INVESTING JOB MARKET LABOR MARKET LAW SCHOOLS LEARNING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LITERACY LITERATURE LOW-INCOME MARKET ECONOMY MATH MATHEMATICS MIDDLE SCHOOL NUMBER OF STUDENTS PAPERS PARENTAL CHOICE PARENTAL EDUCATION PERFORMANCE AT SCHOOL POOR PEOPLE PREPARATORY SCHOOLS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIMARY STUDENTS PRIMARY-SCHOOL PRIVATE EDUCATION PRIVATE SCHOOL PRIVATE SCHOOLING PRIVATE SCHOOLS PRIVATE TUTORING PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS PUBLIC SCHOOL PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM PUBLIC SCHOOLING PUBLIC SCHOOLS PUBLISHERS QUALITY OF EDUCATION RATES OF RETURN READING READING ACHIEVEMENT REASONING REGIONAL WORKSHOP REGULAR CLASSROOM REGULAR TEACHERS REMEDIAL EDUCATION REPETITION REPETITION RATES RESEARCH EVALUATION RESEARCHERS RETIRED RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL AREAS RURAL SCHOOLS SCHOOL ACTIVITIES SCHOOL AGE SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN SCHOOL CHILDREN SCHOOL EDUCATION SCHOOL FINANCE SCHOOL HOURS SCHOOL LEARNING SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOL REFORM SCHOOL SIZE SCHOOL TEACHER SCHOOL TEACHERS SCHOOL VOUCHERS SCHOOL-LEAVING EXAMINATIONS SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SCIENCE STUDY SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS SECONDARY STUDENTS SHORT COURSES STANDARDIZED TESTS STOCK EXCHANGE STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT STUDENT ASSESSMENT STUDENT ASSESSMENTS STUDENT ATTENDANCE STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS STUDENT LEARNING STUDENT OUTCOMES STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT SATISFACTION SYLLABI TEACHER TEACHERS TEST SCORES TRAINING COURSES TUITION TUTORING TUTORING PROGRAMS TUTORS UNIVERSITIES UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMS UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS UNIVERSITY STUDENTS UPPER-SECONDARY STUDENTS URBAN SCHOOLS WAGE YOUTH Private tutoring is now a major component of the education sector in many developing countries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges and makes use of it. Various criticisms have been raised against private tutoring, most notably that it exacerbates social inequalities and may even fail to improve student outcomes. This paper surveys the literature for evidence on private tutoring-the extent of the tutoring phenomenon, the factors that explain its growth, and its cost-effectiveness in improving student academic performance. It also presents a framework for assessing the efficiency and equity effects of tutoring. It concludes that tutoring can raise the effectiveness of the education system under certain reasonable assumptions, even taking into account equity concerns, and it offers guidance for attacking corruption and other problems that diminish the contributions of the tutoring sector. 2012-05-29T18:45:01Z 2012-05-29T18:45:01Z 2008-02 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/02/9032892/interpret-growing-phenomenon-private-tutoring-human-capital-deepening-inequality-increasing-or-waste-resources http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6587 English Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4530 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research |