Can Production and Trafficking of Illicit Drugs be Reduced or Merely Shifted?

The production of cocaine and heroin, the two most important drugs economically, has been concentrated in a small number of poor nations for 25 years. A slightly larger number of developing nations have been affected by large-scale trafficking in t...

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Main Author:	Reuter, Peter
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	ABUSE ADDICTION ADVERSE EFFECTS AGRICULTURE ALCOHOL ALCOHOLIC ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ANALGESICS BAN BOUNDARIES CANNABIS CARTEL CENTRAL AMERICA CENTRAL ASIAN CIVIL SOCIETY CIVIL WAR COCAINE COCAINE USE COMMERCE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONFLICT CONSUMERS CORRUPTION COST INCREASE COUNTERPARTS CRACK CRIME CRIMINAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DOMESTIC MARKET DRUG DRUG ABUSE DRUG CONSUMPTION DRUG CONTROL PROGRAM DRUG CONTROL PROGRAMS DRUG CZAR DRUG POLICIES DRUG SEIZURES DRUG TRADE DRUG TRAFFICKERS DRUG TRAFFICKING DRUG USE DRUG USERS EAST EUROPE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF DEMAND EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTS EXTRADITION FAIR FIXED COSTS FOREIGN INVESTMENT HEROIN HOSTAGE ILLEGAL DRUGS ILLICIT DRUG ILLICIT DRUG TRADE ILLICIT DRUG USE ILLICIT DRUGS INDUSTRIALIZATION INTEGRITY INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADING INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL TREATY LAW ENFORCEMENT MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL COSTS MARIJUANA MARKET CONDITIONS MARKETING MATHEMATICAL MODELS MEETING MILITARY LEADER MONOPOLY MORPHINE MURDERS NARCOTIC NARCOTICS NARCOTICS CONTROL NATIONS OBSERVERS OPIATE OPIATE ABUSE OPIATE ADDICTS OPIATE USERS OPIATES OPIUM OPPORTUNITY COST OPPORTUNITY COSTS PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE POLICE POPPIES PRICE INCREASES PRICE SUPPORT PRISON PRODUCTION COSTS PUBLIC HEALTH PURCHASE PRICE PURCHASING RECONSTRUCTION RETAIL RETAIL PRICE RETAIL PRICES REVOLUTION ROAD ROADS SALE SALES SANCTIONS SELLING DRUGS SMUGGLER SMUGGLERS SOCIAL PROBLEMS SOLDIERS SOUTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICAN SPREAD SUBSTITUTE SUBSTITUTION SUPPLIER SUPPLIERS THEFT TOBACCO TRAFFICKING VALUE ADDED VICTIMS VIOLENCE WAGES WAR WEALTH WEST EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WHOLESALE PRICES WHOLESALER WORLD MARKET WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/03/9087385/can-production-trafficking-illicit-drugs-reduced-or-merely-shifted http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6531

id	okr-10986-6531
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-65312021-04-23T14:02:31Z Can Production and Trafficking of Illicit Drugs be Reduced or Merely Shifted? Reuter, Peter ABUSE ADDICTION ADVERSE EFFECTS AGRICULTURE ALCOHOL ALCOHOLIC ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ANALGESICS BAN BOUNDARIES CANNABIS CARTEL CENTRAL AMERICA CENTRAL ASIAN CIVIL SOCIETY CIVIL WAR COCAINE COCAINE USE COMMERCE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONFLICT CONSUMERS CORRUPTION COST INCREASE COUNTERPARTS CRACK CRIME CRIMINAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DOMESTIC MARKET DRUG DRUG ABUSE DRUG CONSUMPTION DRUG CONTROL PROGRAM DRUG CONTROL PROGRAMS DRUG CZAR DRUG POLICIES DRUG SEIZURES DRUG TRADE DRUG TRAFFICKERS DRUG TRAFFICKING DRUG USE DRUG USERS EAST EUROPE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF DEMAND EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTS EXTRADITION FAIR FIXED COSTS FOREIGN INVESTMENT HEROIN HOSTAGE ILLEGAL DRUGS ILLICIT DRUG ILLICIT DRUG TRADE ILLICIT DRUG USE ILLICIT DRUGS INDUSTRIALIZATION INTEGRITY INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADING INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL TREATY LAW ENFORCEMENT MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL COSTS MARIJUANA MARKET CONDITIONS MARKETING MATHEMATICAL MODELS MEETING MILITARY LEADER MONOPOLY MORPHINE MURDERS NARCOTIC NARCOTICS NARCOTICS CONTROL NATIONS OBSERVERS OPIATE OPIATE ABUSE OPIATE ADDICTS OPIATE USERS OPIATES OPIUM OPPORTUNITY COST OPPORTUNITY COSTS PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE POLICE POPPIES PRICE INCREASES PRICE SUPPORT PRISON PRODUCTION COSTS PUBLIC HEALTH PURCHASE PRICE PURCHASING RECONSTRUCTION RETAIL RETAIL PRICE RETAIL PRICES REVOLUTION ROAD ROADS SALE SALES SANCTIONS SELLING DRUGS SMUGGLER SMUGGLERS SOCIAL PROBLEMS SOLDIERS SOUTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICAN SPREAD SUBSTITUTE SUBSTITUTION SUPPLIER SUPPLIERS THEFT TOBACCO TRAFFICKING VALUE ADDED VICTIMS VIOLENCE WAGES WAR WEALTH WEST EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WHOLESALE PRICES WHOLESALER WORLD MARKET WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION The production of cocaine and heroin, the two most important drugs economically, has been concentrated in a small number of poor nations for 25 years. A slightly larger number of developing nations have been affected by large-scale trafficking in these two drugs. This paper reviews what is known about drug control programs and considers non-traditional options. The usual array of programs for suppressing drug problems, enforcement, treatment, harm reduction and prevention have been assessed almost exclusively in wealthy nations. Although treatment has been shown to be cost-effective, it is of minimal relevance for reducing the drug problems of nations such as Afghanistan, Colombia, Mexico or Tajikistan, which are primarily harmed by production and trafficking rather than consumption. Efforts to reduce drug production and trafficking have not been subject to systematic evaluation but the best interpretation of the available evidence is that they have had minimal effect on the quantities produced or trafficked. It is reasonable to conclude that international drug control efforts can do more to affect where these drugs are produced rather than the quantity. If that is the case, and given that spreading a specific level of production or trafficking to more rather than fewer nations probably decreases global welfare, it may be appropriate to consider a less aggressive stance to current producers and to make strategic decisions about the location of an industry producing a global bad. 2012-05-29T14:49:41Z 2012-05-29T14:49:41Z 2008-03 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/03/9087385/can-production-trafficking-illicit-drugs-reduced-or-merely-shifted http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6531 English Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4564 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Europe and Central Asia Colombia Tajikistan Mexico Afghanistan
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ABUSE ADDICTION ADVERSE EFFECTS AGRICULTURE ALCOHOL ALCOHOLIC ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ANALGESICS BAN BOUNDARIES CANNABIS CARTEL CENTRAL AMERICA CENTRAL ASIAN CIVIL SOCIETY CIVIL WAR COCAINE COCAINE USE COMMERCE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONFLICT CONSUMERS CORRUPTION COST INCREASE COUNTERPARTS CRACK CRIME CRIMINAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DOMESTIC MARKET DRUG DRUG ABUSE DRUG CONSUMPTION DRUG CONTROL PROGRAM DRUG CONTROL PROGRAMS DRUG CZAR DRUG POLICIES DRUG SEIZURES DRUG TRADE DRUG TRAFFICKERS DRUG TRAFFICKING DRUG USE DRUG USERS EAST EUROPE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF DEMAND EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTS EXTRADITION FAIR FIXED COSTS FOREIGN INVESTMENT HEROIN HOSTAGE ILLEGAL DRUGS ILLICIT DRUG ILLICIT DRUG TRADE ILLICIT DRUG USE ILLICIT DRUGS INDUSTRIALIZATION INTEGRITY INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADING INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL TREATY LAW ENFORCEMENT MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL COSTS MARIJUANA MARKET CONDITIONS MARKETING MATHEMATICAL MODELS MEETING MILITARY LEADER MONOPOLY MORPHINE MURDERS NARCOTIC NARCOTICS NARCOTICS CONTROL NATIONS OBSERVERS OPIATE OPIATE ABUSE OPIATE ADDICTS OPIATE USERS OPIATES OPIUM OPPORTUNITY COST OPPORTUNITY COSTS PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE POLICE POPPIES PRICE INCREASES PRICE SUPPORT PRISON PRODUCTION COSTS PUBLIC HEALTH PURCHASE PRICE PURCHASING RECONSTRUCTION RETAIL RETAIL PRICE RETAIL PRICES REVOLUTION ROAD ROADS SALE SALES SANCTIONS SELLING DRUGS SMUGGLER SMUGGLERS SOCIAL PROBLEMS SOLDIERS SOUTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICAN SPREAD SUBSTITUTE SUBSTITUTION SUPPLIER SUPPLIERS THEFT TOBACCO TRAFFICKING VALUE ADDED VICTIMS VIOLENCE WAGES WAR WEALTH WEST EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WHOLESALE PRICES WHOLESALER WORLD MARKET WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
spellingShingle	ABUSE ADDICTION ADVERSE EFFECTS AGRICULTURE ALCOHOL ALCOHOLIC ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ANALGESICS BAN BOUNDARIES CANNABIS CARTEL CENTRAL AMERICA CENTRAL ASIAN CIVIL SOCIETY CIVIL WAR COCAINE COCAINE USE COMMERCE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONFLICT CONSUMERS CORRUPTION COST INCREASE COUNTERPARTS CRACK CRIME CRIMINAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DOMESTIC MARKET DRUG DRUG ABUSE DRUG CONSUMPTION DRUG CONTROL PROGRAM DRUG CONTROL PROGRAMS DRUG CZAR DRUG POLICIES DRUG SEIZURES DRUG TRADE DRUG TRAFFICKERS DRUG TRAFFICKING DRUG USE DRUG USERS EAST EUROPE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF DEMAND EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTS EXTRADITION FAIR FIXED COSTS FOREIGN INVESTMENT HEROIN HOSTAGE ILLEGAL DRUGS ILLICIT DRUG ILLICIT DRUG TRADE ILLICIT DRUG USE ILLICIT DRUGS INDUSTRIALIZATION INTEGRITY INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADING INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL TREATY LAW ENFORCEMENT MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL COSTS MARIJUANA MARKET CONDITIONS MARKETING MATHEMATICAL MODELS MEETING MILITARY LEADER MONOPOLY MORPHINE MURDERS NARCOTIC NARCOTICS NARCOTICS CONTROL NATIONS OBSERVERS OPIATE OPIATE ABUSE OPIATE ADDICTS OPIATE USERS OPIATES OPIUM OPPORTUNITY COST OPPORTUNITY COSTS PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE POLICE POPPIES PRICE INCREASES PRICE SUPPORT PRISON PRODUCTION COSTS PUBLIC HEALTH PURCHASE PRICE PURCHASING RECONSTRUCTION RETAIL RETAIL PRICE RETAIL PRICES REVOLUTION ROAD ROADS SALE SALES SANCTIONS SELLING DRUGS SMUGGLER SMUGGLERS SOCIAL PROBLEMS SOLDIERS SOUTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICAN SPREAD SUBSTITUTE SUBSTITUTION SUPPLIER SUPPLIERS THEFT TOBACCO TRAFFICKING VALUE ADDED VICTIMS VIOLENCE WAGES WAR WEALTH WEST EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WHOLESALE PRICES WHOLESALER WORLD MARKET WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION Reuter, Peter Can Production and Trafficking of Illicit Drugs be Reduced or Merely Shifted?
geographic_facet	Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Europe and Central Asia Colombia Tajikistan Mexico Afghanistan
relation	Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4564
description	The production of cocaine and heroin, the two most important drugs economically, has been concentrated in a small number of poor nations for 25 years. A slightly larger number of developing nations have been affected by large-scale trafficking in these two drugs. This paper reviews what is known about drug control programs and considers non-traditional options. The usual array of programs for suppressing drug problems, enforcement, treatment, harm reduction and prevention have been assessed almost exclusively in wealthy nations. Although treatment has been shown to be cost-effective, it is of minimal relevance for reducing the drug problems of nations such as Afghanistan, Colombia, Mexico or Tajikistan, which are primarily harmed by production and trafficking rather than consumption. Efforts to reduce drug production and trafficking have not been subject to systematic evaluation but the best interpretation of the available evidence is that they have had minimal effect on the quantities produced or trafficked. It is reasonable to conclude that international drug control efforts can do more to affect where these drugs are produced rather than the quantity. If that is the case, and given that spreading a specific level of production or trafficking to more rather than fewer nations probably decreases global welfare, it may be appropriate to consider a less aggressive stance to current producers and to make strategic decisions about the location of an industry producing a global bad.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Reuter, Peter
author_facet	Reuter, Peter
author_sort	Reuter, Peter
title	Can Production and Trafficking of Illicit Drugs be Reduced or Merely Shifted?
title_short	Can Production and Trafficking of Illicit Drugs be Reduced or Merely Shifted?
title_full	Can Production and Trafficking of Illicit Drugs be Reduced or Merely Shifted?
title_fullStr	Can Production and Trafficking of Illicit Drugs be Reduced or Merely Shifted?
title_full_unstemmed	Can Production and Trafficking of Illicit Drugs be Reduced or Merely Shifted?
title_sort	can production and trafficking of illicit drugs be reduced or merely shifted?
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2012
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/03/9087385/can-production-trafficking-illicit-drugs-reduced-or-merely-shifted http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6531
_version_	1764400435927449600

Can Production and Trafficking of Illicit Drugs be Reduced or Merely Shifted?

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