Constraints to Growth in Malawi
This paper applies a growth diagnostics approach to identify the most binding constraints to private-sector growth in Malawi - a small, landlocked country in Southern Africa with one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world. The approach aims...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20091027100216 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4289 |
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okr-10986-4289 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ACCOUNTING AGGREGATE DEMAND AGRICULTURE ASSET BASE AUCTION AUCTION FLOOR AUCTION PRICE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANKING SECTOR BARRIERS TO ENTRY BASE YEAR BINDING CONSTRAINT BINDING CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL FLIGHT CAPITAL GROWTH CARTEL CENTRAL BANK CHECKS CIVIL WAR COMMODITY COMMODITY PRICES COMPETITIVENESS CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT COST OF CAPITAL COST OF FINANCE CREDIT INFORMATION CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT DEBT DEBT SOURCE DEPOSIT DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS DEPOSIT INTEREST DEPOSIT INTEREST RATES DEREGULATION DERIVATIVE DEVALUATION DEVALUATIONS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DISBURSEMENTS DOLLAR PRICE DOLLAR PRICES DOLLAR VALUE DOMESTIC CREDIT DOMESTIC CURRENCY DOMESTIC DEBT DOMESTIC ECONOMY DOMESTIC FINANCIAL MARKETS DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRICE DOMESTIC PRICES ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITY EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE MARKETS EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT GROWTH EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT SECTOR EXPORT SECTORS EXPORTERS EXPORTS EXPROPRIATION EXPROPRIATIONS EXTERNAL FINANCING EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITY FACE VALUE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL REFORM FINANCIAL SECTOR FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FISCAL DEFICIT FISCAL DISCIPLINE FIXED CAPITAL FIXED EXCHANGE RATE FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FOREIGN INVESTORS FUTURE GROWTH GDP GDP DEFLATOR GDP PER CAPITA GOVERNMENT BORROWING GOVERNMENT DEFICIT GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES GOVERNMENT FINANCES GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT POLICY GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION GROWTH RATES HEDGES HOLDINGS HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ILLIQUIDITY INCOME INDUSTRIALIZATION INFLATION INSTRUMENT INSURANCE INTEREST INCOME INTEREST PAYMENTS INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATE PARITY INTEREST RATE SPREAD INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL STATISTICS INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVENTORY INVESTING INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT DECISIONS INVESTMENT RATES INVESTOR PROTECTION LACK OF COMPETITION LAND HOLDING LAND POLICY LEGAL RIGHTS LENDING INTEREST RATE LENDING INTEREST RATES LIABILITY LIBERALIZATION LIQUIDITY LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINT LIVING STANDARDS LOAN LOAN QUALITY MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT MACROECONOMIC RISK MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET PRICE MIGRANT LABOR MONETARY FUND MONOPOLY MONOPOLY RENTS MULTIPLIER EFFECT MULTIPLIER EFFECTS OIL PRICE OPEN ECONOMIES OPTIMIZATION OUTPUT OVERHEAD COSTS OVERVALUATION PER CAPITA INCOMES POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL STABILITY POSITIVE EFFECTS POWER PARITY PREFERENTIAL ACCESS PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY PRICE STABILITY PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTION INCREASES PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC BORROWING PUBLIC FINANCE PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC INVESTMENTS PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC REGISTRY PURCHASING POWER RAPID GROWTH RATE OF RETURN RATE OF RETURN ON CAPITAL REAL EXCHANGE RATE REAL GDP REAL INTEREST REAL INTEREST RATES RECURRENT EXPENDITURE RECURRENT EXPENDITURES REMITTANCE REMITTANCES RENT SEEKING RESERVE RESERVE REQUIREMENT RETURNS RULE OF LAW RURAL MARKETS SHAREHOLDER SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STOCKS STRUCTURAL CHANGE TAX TAX RATE TAXATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL REVENUE TRADE BALANCE TRADE DEFICIT TRADE REFORMS TRADING TRANSPARENCY TREASURY TREASURY BILLS VALUE ADDED VOLATILITY WAGES WEALTH WORLD MARKET |
| spellingShingle |
ACCOUNTING AGGREGATE DEMAND AGRICULTURE ASSET BASE AUCTION AUCTION FLOOR AUCTION PRICE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANKING SECTOR BARRIERS TO ENTRY BASE YEAR BINDING CONSTRAINT BINDING CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL FLIGHT CAPITAL GROWTH CARTEL CENTRAL BANK CHECKS CIVIL WAR COMMODITY COMMODITY PRICES COMPETITIVENESS CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT COST OF CAPITAL COST OF FINANCE CREDIT INFORMATION CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT DEBT DEBT SOURCE DEPOSIT DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS DEPOSIT INTEREST DEPOSIT INTEREST RATES DEREGULATION DERIVATIVE DEVALUATION DEVALUATIONS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DISBURSEMENTS DOLLAR PRICE DOLLAR PRICES DOLLAR VALUE DOMESTIC CREDIT DOMESTIC CURRENCY DOMESTIC DEBT DOMESTIC ECONOMY DOMESTIC FINANCIAL MARKETS DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRICE DOMESTIC PRICES ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITY EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE MARKETS EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT GROWTH EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT SECTOR EXPORT SECTORS EXPORTERS EXPORTS EXPROPRIATION EXPROPRIATIONS EXTERNAL FINANCING EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITY FACE VALUE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL REFORM FINANCIAL SECTOR FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FISCAL DEFICIT FISCAL DISCIPLINE FIXED CAPITAL FIXED EXCHANGE RATE FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FOREIGN INVESTORS FUTURE GROWTH GDP GDP DEFLATOR GDP PER CAPITA GOVERNMENT BORROWING GOVERNMENT DEFICIT GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES GOVERNMENT FINANCES GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT POLICY GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION GROWTH RATES HEDGES HOLDINGS HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ILLIQUIDITY INCOME INDUSTRIALIZATION INFLATION INSTRUMENT INSURANCE INTEREST INCOME INTEREST PAYMENTS INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATE PARITY INTEREST RATE SPREAD INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL STATISTICS INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVENTORY INVESTING INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT DECISIONS INVESTMENT RATES INVESTOR PROTECTION LACK OF COMPETITION LAND HOLDING LAND POLICY LEGAL RIGHTS LENDING INTEREST RATE LENDING INTEREST RATES LIABILITY LIBERALIZATION LIQUIDITY LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINT LIVING STANDARDS LOAN LOAN QUALITY MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT MACROECONOMIC RISK MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET PRICE MIGRANT LABOR MONETARY FUND MONOPOLY MONOPOLY RENTS MULTIPLIER EFFECT MULTIPLIER EFFECTS OIL PRICE OPEN ECONOMIES OPTIMIZATION OUTPUT OVERHEAD COSTS OVERVALUATION PER CAPITA INCOMES POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL STABILITY POSITIVE EFFECTS POWER PARITY PREFERENTIAL ACCESS PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY PRICE STABILITY PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTION INCREASES PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC BORROWING PUBLIC FINANCE PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC INVESTMENTS PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC REGISTRY PURCHASING POWER RAPID GROWTH RATE OF RETURN RATE OF RETURN ON CAPITAL REAL EXCHANGE RATE REAL GDP REAL INTEREST REAL INTEREST RATES RECURRENT EXPENDITURE RECURRENT EXPENDITURES REMITTANCE REMITTANCES RENT SEEKING RESERVE RESERVE REQUIREMENT RETURNS RULE OF LAW RURAL MARKETS SHAREHOLDER SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STOCKS STRUCTURAL CHANGE TAX TAX RATE TAXATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL REVENUE TRADE BALANCE TRADE DEFICIT TRADE REFORMS TRADING TRANSPARENCY TREASURY TREASURY BILLS VALUE ADDED VOLATILITY WAGES WEALTH WORLD MARKET Lea, Nicholas Hanmer, Lucia Constraints to Growth in Malawi |
| geographic_facet |
Africa Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Southern Africa Malawi |
| relation |
Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5097 |
| description |
This paper applies a growth diagnostics
approach to identify the most binding constraints to
private-sector growth in Malawi - a small, landlocked
country in Southern Africa with one of the lowest per capita
incomes in the world. The approach aims to identify the
constraints (in terms of public policy, implementation, and
investments) most binding on marginal investment, and
therefore whose relaxation would have the largest impact on
growth through the investment channel. The authors find that
growth in Malawi has been primarily driven by the domestic
multiplier effect from export revenues. The multiplier
effect is particularly pronounced due to the high number of
smallholder farmers, which produce Malawi s main export
crop, tobacco, and consequently results in the widespread
and rapid transmission of agricultural export income.
Furthermore, despite changes in the structure of
agricultural production from estate to smallholder farming
and liberalization of prices and finance, a longstanding
relationship persists between exports in real domestic
currency and overall gross domestic product. This central
role of exports in creating domestic demand highlights the
importance of the real exchange rate in Malawi s growth
story, which directly increases the strength of the export
multiplier. The most pressing constraint to growth in Malawi
continues to be the regime of exchange rate management.
Despite good progress, there is compelling evidence that the
rate is still substantially overvalued. Furthermore, it is
also likely that the inflow of foreign aid - in excess of 50
percent of exports -contributes to the overvaluation through
its large component of recurrent expenditures. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Lea, Nicholas Hanmer, Lucia |
| author_facet |
Lea, Nicholas Hanmer, Lucia |
| author_sort |
Lea, Nicholas |
| title |
Constraints to Growth in Malawi |
| title_short |
Constraints to Growth in Malawi |
| title_full |
Constraints to Growth in Malawi |
| title_fullStr |
Constraints to Growth in Malawi |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Constraints to Growth in Malawi |
| title_sort |
constraints to growth in malawi |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20091027100216 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4289 |
| _version_ |
1764390774066118656 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-42892021-04-23T14:02:17Z Constraints to Growth in Malawi Lea, Nicholas Hanmer, Lucia ACCOUNTING AGGREGATE DEMAND AGRICULTURE ASSET BASE AUCTION AUCTION FLOOR AUCTION PRICE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANKING SECTOR BARRIERS TO ENTRY BASE YEAR BINDING CONSTRAINT BINDING CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL FLIGHT CAPITAL GROWTH CARTEL CENTRAL BANK CHECKS CIVIL WAR COMMODITY COMMODITY PRICES COMPETITIVENESS CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT COST OF CAPITAL COST OF FINANCE CREDIT INFORMATION CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT DEBT DEBT SOURCE DEPOSIT DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS DEPOSIT INTEREST DEPOSIT INTEREST RATES DEREGULATION DERIVATIVE DEVALUATION DEVALUATIONS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DISBURSEMENTS DOLLAR PRICE DOLLAR PRICES DOLLAR VALUE DOMESTIC CREDIT DOMESTIC CURRENCY DOMESTIC DEBT DOMESTIC ECONOMY DOMESTIC FINANCIAL MARKETS DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRICE DOMESTIC PRICES ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITY EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE MARKETS EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT GROWTH EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT SECTOR EXPORT SECTORS EXPORTERS EXPORTS EXPROPRIATION EXPROPRIATIONS EXTERNAL FINANCING EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITY FACE VALUE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL REFORM FINANCIAL SECTOR FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FISCAL DEFICIT FISCAL DISCIPLINE FIXED CAPITAL FIXED EXCHANGE RATE FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FOREIGN INVESTORS FUTURE GROWTH GDP GDP DEFLATOR GDP PER CAPITA GOVERNMENT BORROWING GOVERNMENT DEFICIT GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES GOVERNMENT FINANCES GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT POLICY GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION GROWTH RATES HEDGES HOLDINGS HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ILLIQUIDITY INCOME INDUSTRIALIZATION INFLATION INSTRUMENT INSURANCE INTEREST INCOME INTEREST PAYMENTS INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATE PARITY INTEREST RATE SPREAD INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL STATISTICS INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVENTORY INVESTING INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT DECISIONS INVESTMENT RATES INVESTOR PROTECTION LACK OF COMPETITION LAND HOLDING LAND POLICY LEGAL RIGHTS LENDING INTEREST RATE LENDING INTEREST RATES LIABILITY LIBERALIZATION LIQUIDITY LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINT LIVING STANDARDS LOAN LOAN QUALITY MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT MACROECONOMIC RISK MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET PRICE MIGRANT LABOR MONETARY FUND MONOPOLY MONOPOLY RENTS MULTIPLIER EFFECT MULTIPLIER EFFECTS OIL PRICE OPEN ECONOMIES OPTIMIZATION OUTPUT OVERHEAD COSTS OVERVALUATION PER CAPITA INCOMES POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL STABILITY POSITIVE EFFECTS POWER PARITY PREFERENTIAL ACCESS PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY PRICE STABILITY PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTION INCREASES PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC BORROWING PUBLIC FINANCE PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC INVESTMENTS PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC REGISTRY PURCHASING POWER RAPID GROWTH RATE OF RETURN RATE OF RETURN ON CAPITAL REAL EXCHANGE RATE REAL GDP REAL INTEREST REAL INTEREST RATES RECURRENT EXPENDITURE RECURRENT EXPENDITURES REMITTANCE REMITTANCES RENT SEEKING RESERVE RESERVE REQUIREMENT RETURNS RULE OF LAW RURAL MARKETS SHAREHOLDER SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STOCKS STRUCTURAL CHANGE TAX TAX RATE TAXATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL REVENUE TRADE BALANCE TRADE DEFICIT TRADE REFORMS TRADING TRANSPARENCY TREASURY TREASURY BILLS VALUE ADDED VOLATILITY WAGES WEALTH WORLD MARKET This paper applies a growth diagnostics approach to identify the most binding constraints to private-sector growth in Malawi - a small, landlocked country in Southern Africa with one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world. The approach aims to identify the constraints (in terms of public policy, implementation, and investments) most binding on marginal investment, and therefore whose relaxation would have the largest impact on growth through the investment channel. The authors find that growth in Malawi has been primarily driven by the domestic multiplier effect from export revenues. The multiplier effect is particularly pronounced due to the high number of smallholder farmers, which produce Malawi s main export crop, tobacco, and consequently results in the widespread and rapid transmission of agricultural export income. Furthermore, despite changes in the structure of agricultural production from estate to smallholder farming and liberalization of prices and finance, a longstanding relationship persists between exports in real domestic currency and overall gross domestic product. This central role of exports in creating domestic demand highlights the importance of the real exchange rate in Malawi s growth story, which directly increases the strength of the export multiplier. The most pressing constraint to growth in Malawi continues to be the regime of exchange rate management. Despite good progress, there is compelling evidence that the rate is still substantially overvalued. Furthermore, it is also likely that the inflow of foreign aid - in excess of 50 percent of exports -contributes to the overvaluation through its large component of recurrent expenditures. 2012-03-19T19:13:20Z 2012-03-19T19:13:20Z 2009-10-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20091027100216 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4289 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5097 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Africa Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Southern Africa Malawi |