Beyond Mitigation : Potential Options for Counter-Balancing the Climatic and Environmental Consequences of the Rising Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases
Global climate change is occurring at an accelerating pace, and the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are forcing climate change continue to increase. Given the present pace of international actions, it seems unlikely that atmospheric comp...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090519141020 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4132 |
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okr-10986-4132 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
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World Bank |
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English |
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ABSORBED RADIATION ABSORPTION ACID ACID DEPOSITION ACID RAIN ACIDIFICATION ADVERSE IMPACT AEROSOL AEROSOLS AFFORESTATION AIR AIR MASS AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION ALBEDO ALTERNATIVE APPROACH ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ALTITUDE ANTARCTICA ANTHROPOGENIC INTERFERENCE ARCTIC OCEAN ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC BURDEN ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS BIOMASS BIOSPHERE CANCER CARBON CARBON CONTENT CARBON CREDITS CARBON CYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON SEQUESTRATION CARBON UPTAKE CARBONATE CARBONYL SULFIDE CFCS CH4 CHANGES IN CLIMATE CHANGES IN THE EARTH CHANGING LAND USE CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM CHEMICAL REACTION CHEMISTRY CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE FEEDBACK CLIMATE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS CLIMATE IMPACTS CLIMATE MODELS CLIMATE SENSITIVITY CLIMATE SYSTEM CLIMATIC CHANGES CLIMATIC IMPACTS CLOUD CLOUDS CO2 CO2 EMISSIONS COAL COAL COMBUSTION COASTAL AREAS COASTAL REGIONS COLD CLIMATE COMBUSTION COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES CONSERVATION COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE DEFORESTATION DEMAND FOR ENERGY DESERT ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS ECOSYSTEMS EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY PRODUCTION EMISSION EMISSION LEVELS EMISSIONS EMISSIVITY ENERGY BALANCE ENERGY GENERATION ENERGY POLICY ENERGY SOURCES ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH EVAPORATION FERTILIZATION FORESTS FOSSIL FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS FOSSIL FUELS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE FUEL FUELS GENERATION GHGS GLACIER GLACIERS GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS GLOBAL WARMING GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE EFFECT GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATION GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES GWP HALOCARBON HALOCARBONS HAZE HEAT HEAT CAPACITY HEAT TRANSPORT HEAT TRAPPING HIGH ALTITUDES HIGH SULFUR COAL HURRICANE HURRICANES HYDROELECTRIC POWER ICE SHEET ICE SHEETS IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES IPCC IRON KYOTO PROTOCOL LAND COVER LAND USE LIVING STANDARDS MESOSPHERE METALS METHANE METHANOL MIST MITIGATION POTENTIAL MONSOONS MONTREAL MONTREAL PROTOCOL MOUNTAIN GLACIERS N2O NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS NATURAL EMISSIONS NATURAL GAS NEGOTIATIONS NITROUS OXIDE NUTRIENTS OCEAN FLOOR OCEANS OIL FIELD OPTICAL DEPTH OSCILLATIONS OXIDES OZONE DEPLETION PARTICLE PARTICLES PELLETS PERFLUOROCARBONS PETROLEUM PHYSICS PIPELINE POWER POWER PLANT POWER PLANTS POWER PRODUCTION PRECIPITATION PROGRAMS RADIATIVE FORCING REFLECTIVITY REFORESTATION RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY RESERVOIRS RIVERS ROCKS SALINITY SATELLITES SCATTERING SEA ICE SEA LEVEL RISE SEDIMENTS SHIPS SNOW SO2 SOIL SOILS SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR IRRADIANCE SOLAR LOAD SOLAR POWER SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES STABILIZATION STORMS STRATOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE. STRATOSPHERIC OZONE STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYER STRATUS SULFATE SULFATE PARTICLES SULFATES SULFUR SUNLIGHT SURFACE ALBEDO SURFACE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE CHANGE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY THERMAL EXPANSION TONS OF CARBON TREE GROWTH TROPICAL CYCLONES TROPICAL STORMS TROPOPAUSE TROPOSPHERE TROPOSPHERIC OZONE TYPHOONS VEGETATION VEHICLES VESSELS VOLCANIC AEROSOLS WASTE WATER USE WATER VAPOR WEATHER PATTERNS WIND |
| spellingShingle |
ABSORBED RADIATION ABSORPTION ACID ACID DEPOSITION ACID RAIN ACIDIFICATION ADVERSE IMPACT AEROSOL AEROSOLS AFFORESTATION AIR AIR MASS AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION ALBEDO ALTERNATIVE APPROACH ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ALTITUDE ANTARCTICA ANTHROPOGENIC INTERFERENCE ARCTIC OCEAN ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC BURDEN ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS BIOMASS BIOSPHERE CANCER CARBON CARBON CONTENT CARBON CREDITS CARBON CYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON SEQUESTRATION CARBON UPTAKE CARBONATE CARBONYL SULFIDE CFCS CH4 CHANGES IN CLIMATE CHANGES IN THE EARTH CHANGING LAND USE CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM CHEMICAL REACTION CHEMISTRY CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE FEEDBACK CLIMATE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS CLIMATE IMPACTS CLIMATE MODELS CLIMATE SENSITIVITY CLIMATE SYSTEM CLIMATIC CHANGES CLIMATIC IMPACTS CLOUD CLOUDS CO2 CO2 EMISSIONS COAL COAL COMBUSTION COASTAL AREAS COASTAL REGIONS COLD CLIMATE COMBUSTION COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES CONSERVATION COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE DEFORESTATION DEMAND FOR ENERGY DESERT ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS ECOSYSTEMS EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY PRODUCTION EMISSION EMISSION LEVELS EMISSIONS EMISSIVITY ENERGY BALANCE ENERGY GENERATION ENERGY POLICY ENERGY SOURCES ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH EVAPORATION FERTILIZATION FORESTS FOSSIL FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS FOSSIL FUELS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE FUEL FUELS GENERATION GHGS GLACIER GLACIERS GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS GLOBAL WARMING GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE EFFECT GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATION GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES GWP HALOCARBON HALOCARBONS HAZE HEAT HEAT CAPACITY HEAT TRANSPORT HEAT TRAPPING HIGH ALTITUDES HIGH SULFUR COAL HURRICANE HURRICANES HYDROELECTRIC POWER ICE SHEET ICE SHEETS IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES IPCC IRON KYOTO PROTOCOL LAND COVER LAND USE LIVING STANDARDS MESOSPHERE METALS METHANE METHANOL MIST MITIGATION POTENTIAL MONSOONS MONTREAL MONTREAL PROTOCOL MOUNTAIN GLACIERS N2O NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS NATURAL EMISSIONS NATURAL GAS NEGOTIATIONS NITROUS OXIDE NUTRIENTS OCEAN FLOOR OCEANS OIL FIELD OPTICAL DEPTH OSCILLATIONS OXIDES OZONE DEPLETION PARTICLE PARTICLES PELLETS PERFLUOROCARBONS PETROLEUM PHYSICS PIPELINE POWER POWER PLANT POWER PLANTS POWER PRODUCTION PRECIPITATION PROGRAMS RADIATIVE FORCING REFLECTIVITY REFORESTATION RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY RESERVOIRS RIVERS ROCKS SALINITY SATELLITES SCATTERING SEA ICE SEA LEVEL RISE SEDIMENTS SHIPS SNOW SO2 SOIL SOILS SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR IRRADIANCE SOLAR LOAD SOLAR POWER SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES STABILIZATION STORMS STRATOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE. STRATOSPHERIC OZONE STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYER STRATUS SULFATE SULFATE PARTICLES SULFATES SULFUR SUNLIGHT SURFACE ALBEDO SURFACE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE CHANGE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY THERMAL EXPANSION TONS OF CARBON TREE GROWTH TROPICAL CYCLONES TROPICAL STORMS TROPOPAUSE TROPOSPHERE TROPOSPHERIC OZONE TYPHOONS VEGETATION VEHICLES VESSELS VOLCANIC AEROSOLS WASTE WATER USE WATER VAPOR WEATHER PATTERNS WIND MacCracken, Mike Beyond Mitigation : Potential Options for Counter-Balancing the Climatic and Environmental Consequences of the Rising Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases |
| geographic_facet |
The World Region The World Region |
| relation |
Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 4938 |
| description |
Global climate change is occurring at an
accelerating pace, and the global greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions that are forcing climate change continue to
increase. Given the present pace of international actions,
it seems unlikely that atmospheric composition can be
stabilized at a level that will avoid "dangerous
anthropogenic interference" with the climate system, as
called for in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Complicating the situation, as GHG emissions are reduced,
reductions in the offsetting cooling influence of sulfate
aerosols will create an additional warming influence, making
an early transition to climate stabilization difficult. With
significant reductions in emissions (mitigation) likely to
take decades, and with the impacts of projected climate
change-even with proactive adaptation-likely to be quite
severe over the coming decades, additional actions to offset
global warming and other impacts have been proposed as
important complementary measures. Although a number of
possible geoengineering approaches have been proposed, each
has costs and side effects that must be balanced against the
expected benefits of reduced climate impacts. However,
substantial new research is needed before comparison of the
relative benefits and risks of intervening is possible. A
first step in determining whether geoengineering is likely
to be a useful option is the initiation of research on four
interventions to limit the increasing serious impacts:
limiting ocean acidification by increasing the removal of
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and upper ocean; limiting
the increasing intensity of tropical cyclones; limiting the
warming of the Arctic and associated sea level rise; and
sustaining or enhancing the existing sulfate cooling
influence. In addition, in depth consideration is needed
regarding the governance structure for an international
geoengineering decision-making framework in the event that
geoengineering becomes essential. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
MacCracken, Mike |
| author_facet |
MacCracken, Mike |
| author_sort |
MacCracken, Mike |
| title |
Beyond Mitigation : Potential Options for Counter-Balancing the Climatic and Environmental Consequences of the Rising Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases |
| title_short |
Beyond Mitigation : Potential Options for Counter-Balancing the Climatic and Environmental Consequences of the Rising Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases |
| title_full |
Beyond Mitigation : Potential Options for Counter-Balancing the Climatic and Environmental Consequences of the Rising Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases |
| title_fullStr |
Beyond Mitigation : Potential Options for Counter-Balancing the Climatic and Environmental Consequences of the Rising Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Beyond Mitigation : Potential Options for Counter-Balancing the Climatic and Environmental Consequences of the Rising Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases |
| title_sort |
beyond mitigation : potential options for counter-balancing the climatic and environmental consequences of the rising concentrations of greenhouse gases |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090519141020 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4132 |
| _version_ |
1764390055987642368 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-41322021-04-23T14:02:15Z Beyond Mitigation : Potential Options for Counter-Balancing the Climatic and Environmental Consequences of the Rising Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases MacCracken, Mike ABSORBED RADIATION ABSORPTION ACID ACID DEPOSITION ACID RAIN ACIDIFICATION ADVERSE IMPACT AEROSOL AEROSOLS AFFORESTATION AIR AIR MASS AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION ALBEDO ALTERNATIVE APPROACH ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ALTITUDE ANTARCTICA ANTHROPOGENIC INTERFERENCE ARCTIC OCEAN ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC BURDEN ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS BIOMASS BIOSPHERE CANCER CARBON CARBON CONTENT CARBON CREDITS CARBON CYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON SEQUESTRATION CARBON UPTAKE CARBONATE CARBONYL SULFIDE CFCS CH4 CHANGES IN CLIMATE CHANGES IN THE EARTH CHANGING LAND USE CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM CHEMICAL REACTION CHEMISTRY CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE FEEDBACK CLIMATE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS CLIMATE IMPACTS CLIMATE MODELS CLIMATE SENSITIVITY CLIMATE SYSTEM CLIMATIC CHANGES CLIMATIC IMPACTS CLOUD CLOUDS CO2 CO2 EMISSIONS COAL COAL COMBUSTION COASTAL AREAS COASTAL REGIONS COLD CLIMATE COMBUSTION COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES CONSERVATION COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE DEFORESTATION DEMAND FOR ENERGY DESERT ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS ECOSYSTEMS EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY PRODUCTION EMISSION EMISSION LEVELS EMISSIONS EMISSIVITY ENERGY BALANCE ENERGY GENERATION ENERGY POLICY ENERGY SOURCES ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH EVAPORATION FERTILIZATION FORESTS FOSSIL FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS FOSSIL FUELS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE FUEL FUELS GENERATION GHGS GLACIER GLACIERS GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS GLOBAL WARMING GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE EFFECT GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATION GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES GWP HALOCARBON HALOCARBONS HAZE HEAT HEAT CAPACITY HEAT TRANSPORT HEAT TRAPPING HIGH ALTITUDES HIGH SULFUR COAL HURRICANE HURRICANES HYDROELECTRIC POWER ICE SHEET ICE SHEETS IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES IPCC IRON KYOTO PROTOCOL LAND COVER LAND USE LIVING STANDARDS MESOSPHERE METALS METHANE METHANOL MIST MITIGATION POTENTIAL MONSOONS MONTREAL MONTREAL PROTOCOL MOUNTAIN GLACIERS N2O NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS NATURAL EMISSIONS NATURAL GAS NEGOTIATIONS NITROUS OXIDE NUTRIENTS OCEAN FLOOR OCEANS OIL FIELD OPTICAL DEPTH OSCILLATIONS OXIDES OZONE DEPLETION PARTICLE PARTICLES PELLETS PERFLUOROCARBONS PETROLEUM PHYSICS PIPELINE POWER POWER PLANT POWER PLANTS POWER PRODUCTION PRECIPITATION PROGRAMS RADIATIVE FORCING REFLECTIVITY REFORESTATION RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY RESERVOIRS RIVERS ROCKS SALINITY SATELLITES SCATTERING SEA ICE SEA LEVEL RISE SEDIMENTS SHIPS SNOW SO2 SOIL SOILS SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR IRRADIANCE SOLAR LOAD SOLAR POWER SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES STABILIZATION STORMS STRATOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE. STRATOSPHERIC OZONE STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYER STRATUS SULFATE SULFATE PARTICLES SULFATES SULFUR SUNLIGHT SURFACE ALBEDO SURFACE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE CHANGE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY THERMAL EXPANSION TONS OF CARBON TREE GROWTH TROPICAL CYCLONES TROPICAL STORMS TROPOPAUSE TROPOSPHERE TROPOSPHERIC OZONE TYPHOONS VEGETATION VEHICLES VESSELS VOLCANIC AEROSOLS WASTE WATER USE WATER VAPOR WEATHER PATTERNS WIND Global climate change is occurring at an accelerating pace, and the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are forcing climate change continue to increase. Given the present pace of international actions, it seems unlikely that atmospheric composition can be stabilized at a level that will avoid "dangerous anthropogenic interference" with the climate system, as called for in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Complicating the situation, as GHG emissions are reduced, reductions in the offsetting cooling influence of sulfate aerosols will create an additional warming influence, making an early transition to climate stabilization difficult. With significant reductions in emissions (mitigation) likely to take decades, and with the impacts of projected climate change-even with proactive adaptation-likely to be quite severe over the coming decades, additional actions to offset global warming and other impacts have been proposed as important complementary measures. Although a number of possible geoengineering approaches have been proposed, each has costs and side effects that must be balanced against the expected benefits of reduced climate impacts. However, substantial new research is needed before comparison of the relative benefits and risks of intervening is possible. A first step in determining whether geoengineering is likely to be a useful option is the initiation of research on four interventions to limit the increasing serious impacts: limiting ocean acidification by increasing the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and upper ocean; limiting the increasing intensity of tropical cyclones; limiting the warming of the Arctic and associated sea level rise; and sustaining or enhancing the existing sulfate cooling influence. In addition, in depth consideration is needed regarding the governance structure for an international geoengineering decision-making framework in the event that geoengineering becomes essential. 2012-03-19T19:10:31Z 2012-03-19T19:10:31Z 2009-05-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090519141020 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4132 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 4938 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper The World Region The World Region |