Household Use of Bottled Gas for Cooking : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Analysis of household energy use has tended to focus on primary energy sources for cooking, lighting, and heating. However, even those using clean primary energy sources are not necessarily free from household air pollution and the burden of biomas...

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Main Authors: Kojima, Masami, Zhou, Xin
Format: Working Paper
Language:English
Published: World Bank, Washington, DC 2022
Subjects:
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099510506152214492/IDU0622ba7fb01cda047d309fcd0b638e9f0266b
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/37573
id okr-10986-37573
recordtype oai_dc
spelling okr-10986-375732022-06-21T05:10:34Z Household Use of Bottled Gas for Cooking : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa Kojima, Masami Zhou, Xin LPG HOUSEHOLD ENERGY FUEL STACKING HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION BOTTLED COOKING GAS CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION LPG SUBSIDY CLEAN ENERGY UNIVERSAL PRICE SUBSIDY DRUDGERY ENERGY BURDEN ON WOMEN Analysis of household energy use has tended to focus on primary energy sources for cooking, lighting, and heating. However, even those using clean primary energy sources are not necessarily free from household air pollution and the burden of biomass collection because of commonly practiced fuel stacking. This paper examines household energy use in 24 Sub-Saharan African countries with a focus on bottled cooking gas, which is expected to play a pivotal role in the attainment of universal access to clean household energy by 2030. The share of people using clean energy (electricity and gas) as the primary source exceeded half only in five countries, with liquefied petroleum gas dominating in three and electricity in two. As income rose, households shifted away from wood in every country, to clean energy in most countries and to charcoal in some. Of the 12 countries (nationally or in urban areas) in which at least one-fifth of the population used liquefied petroleum gas as their primary cooking fuel, more than three-fifths of primary liquefied petroleum gas users had abandoned polluting fuels in five countries. Within per capita expenditure quintiles, households who had abandoned all polluting fuels were consistently smaller than those who continued to use polluting fuels, mainly charcoal or kerosene, perhaps pointing to the ease of cooking for small families exclusively with liquefied petroleum gas and electricity. However, liquefied petroleum gas–using households in the top expenditure quintile who had not abandoned polluting fuels were on average smaller than those in the fourth quintile who had abandoned polluting fuels. These findings point to reasons for fuel stacking that seem to go beyond the question of affordability. 2022-06-20T16:07:25Z 2022-06-20T16:07:25Z 2022-06 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099510506152214492/IDU0622ba7fb01cda047d309fcd0b638e9f0266b http://hdl.handle.net/10986/37573 English Policy Research Working Papers;10089 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Sub-Saharan Africa
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
topic LPG
HOUSEHOLD ENERGY
FUEL STACKING
HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION
BOTTLED COOKING GAS
CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION
LPG SUBSIDY
CLEAN ENERGY UNIVERSAL PRICE SUBSIDY
DRUDGERY
ENERGY BURDEN ON WOMEN
spellingShingle LPG
HOUSEHOLD ENERGY
FUEL STACKING
HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION
BOTTLED COOKING GAS
CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION
LPG SUBSIDY
CLEAN ENERGY UNIVERSAL PRICE SUBSIDY
DRUDGERY
ENERGY BURDEN ON WOMEN
Kojima, Masami
Zhou, Xin
Household Use of Bottled Gas for Cooking : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
geographic_facet Sub-Saharan Africa
relation Policy Research Working Papers;10089
description Analysis of household energy use has tended to focus on primary energy sources for cooking, lighting, and heating. However, even those using clean primary energy sources are not necessarily free from household air pollution and the burden of biomass collection because of commonly practiced fuel stacking. This paper examines household energy use in 24 Sub-Saharan African countries with a focus on bottled cooking gas, which is expected to play a pivotal role in the attainment of universal access to clean household energy by 2030. The share of people using clean energy (electricity and gas) as the primary source exceeded half only in five countries, with liquefied petroleum gas dominating in three and electricity in two. As income rose, households shifted away from wood in every country, to clean energy in most countries and to charcoal in some. Of the 12 countries (nationally or in urban areas) in which at least one-fifth of the population used liquefied petroleum gas as their primary cooking fuel, more than three-fifths of primary liquefied petroleum gas users had abandoned polluting fuels in five countries. Within per capita expenditure quintiles, households who had abandoned all polluting fuels were consistently smaller than those who continued to use polluting fuels, mainly charcoal or kerosene, perhaps pointing to the ease of cooking for small families exclusively with liquefied petroleum gas and electricity. However, liquefied petroleum gas–using households in the top expenditure quintile who had not abandoned polluting fuels were on average smaller than those in the fourth quintile who had abandoned polluting fuels. These findings point to reasons for fuel stacking that seem to go beyond the question of affordability.
format Working Paper
author Kojima, Masami
Zhou, Xin
author_facet Kojima, Masami
Zhou, Xin
author_sort Kojima, Masami
title Household Use of Bottled Gas for Cooking : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
title_short Household Use of Bottled Gas for Cooking : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
title_full Household Use of Bottled Gas for Cooking : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
title_fullStr Household Use of Bottled Gas for Cooking : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
title_full_unstemmed Household Use of Bottled Gas for Cooking : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
title_sort household use of bottled gas for cooking : evidence from sub-saharan africa
publisher World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate 2022
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099510506152214492/IDU0622ba7fb01cda047d309fcd0b638e9f0266b
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/37573
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