Informal Workers across Europe : Evidence from 30 European Countries
The European Social Survey data are used to analyze informal employment in 30 countries, focusing on employees without contracts and on informal self-employed workers (who are distinguished from formal workers). Overall the size of informal employm...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111213090401 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3681 |
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okr-10986-3681 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
AGE COMPOSITION ANNUAL LEAVE AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISABILITY DISPLACED WORKERS DRIVERS ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYEE EMPLOYEE BENEFITS EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP EMPLOYMENT STATUS FIELD WORK FIRING FIRING COSTS FORMAL LABOR MARKET GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM HIGHER EDUCATION HIRING HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL SECTOR JOB CREATION JOB OFFER JOB OFFERS JOB SECURITY JOBS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY LABOR MARKETS LABOR REGULATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LEGAL STATUS LITERATURE LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT LONGTERM UNEMPLOYMENT LOW TRUST MALE EMPLOYEES MARKET ECONOMY MINIMUM WAGE MORALE MOTIVATION OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS OLDER WORKERS OPEN ACCESS PAPERS PRESENT VALUE PRIME AGE PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYEES PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTIVITY PROFESSIONALS RECRUITMENT RETIREMENT SAFETY SAFETY NET SALARIED WORKERS SELF EMPLOYED SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYED ACCOUNT SERVICE PROVIDERS SICK LEAVE SKILLED WORKERS SMALL BUSINESS SOCIAL CAPITAL TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TOTAL EMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNION MEMBERSHIP UNIVERSITY DEGREES UNIVERSITY GRADUATES WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE LEVEL WAGES WORK ACTIVITIES WORK EXPERIENCE WORK IN PROGRESS WORK PERMITS WORKER WORKERS WORKING WORKING CONDITION WORKING CONDITIONS WORKING HOURS WORKING TIME YOUNG WORKERS |
| spellingShingle |
AGE COMPOSITION ANNUAL LEAVE AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISABILITY DISPLACED WORKERS DRIVERS ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYEE EMPLOYEE BENEFITS EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP EMPLOYMENT STATUS FIELD WORK FIRING FIRING COSTS FORMAL LABOR MARKET GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM HIGHER EDUCATION HIRING HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL SECTOR JOB CREATION JOB OFFER JOB OFFERS JOB SECURITY JOBS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY LABOR MARKETS LABOR REGULATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LEGAL STATUS LITERATURE LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT LONGTERM UNEMPLOYMENT LOW TRUST MALE EMPLOYEES MARKET ECONOMY MINIMUM WAGE MORALE MOTIVATION OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS OLDER WORKERS OPEN ACCESS PAPERS PRESENT VALUE PRIME AGE PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYEES PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTIVITY PROFESSIONALS RECRUITMENT RETIREMENT SAFETY SAFETY NET SALARIED WORKERS SELF EMPLOYED SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYED ACCOUNT SERVICE PROVIDERS SICK LEAVE SKILLED WORKERS SMALL BUSINESS SOCIAL CAPITAL TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TOTAL EMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNION MEMBERSHIP UNIVERSITY DEGREES UNIVERSITY GRADUATES WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE LEVEL WAGES WORK ACTIVITIES WORK EXPERIENCE WORK IN PROGRESS WORK PERMITS WORKER WORKERS WORKING WORKING CONDITION WORKING CONDITIONS WORKING HOURS WORKING TIME YOUNG WORKERS Hazans, Mihails Informal Workers across Europe : Evidence from 30 European Countries |
| geographic_facet |
Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia |
| relation |
Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5912 |
| description |
The European Social Survey data are used
to analyze informal employment in 30 countries, focusing on
employees without contracts and on informal self-employed
workers (who are distinguished from formal workers). Overall
the size of informal employment decreases from South to West
to East to North. However, working without a contract is
more prevalent in Eastern Europe than in the West, except
for Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Austria. Between 2004
and 2009, no cases were found when unemployment and
dependent informality rates in a country went up together,
suggesting that working without a contract is pro-cyclical
in Europe. The dependent informality rate is inversely
related to skills (measured by either schooling or
occupation). Both in Southern and in Western Europe, the
highest dependent informality rate is found among immigrants
from Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union,
while in Eastern Europe this group is second after
minorities without immigrant background. In the Southern and
part of Western Europe, immigrants not covered by European
Union free mobility provisions are much more likely to work
without a contract than otherwise similar natives. The paper
provides evidence that exclusion and discrimination plays an
important role in pushing employees into informality, while
this seems not to be the case for informal self-employed
workers. Both on average and after controlling for a rich
set of individual characteristics, informal employees in all
parts of Europe are having the largest financial
difficulties among all categories of the employed
population (yet they fare much better than the unemployed
and discouraged), while informal self-employed workers are
at least as well off as formal employees. Finally, there is
a negative and significant effect of individual-level
satisfaction with the national government on the propensity
to work without a contract in Eastern Europe, as well as in
Western Europe. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Hazans, Mihails |
| author_facet |
Hazans, Mihails |
| author_sort |
Hazans, Mihails |
| title |
Informal Workers across Europe : Evidence from 30 European Countries |
| title_short |
Informal Workers across Europe : Evidence from 30 European Countries |
| title_full |
Informal Workers across Europe : Evidence from 30 European Countries |
| title_fullStr |
Informal Workers across Europe : Evidence from 30 European Countries |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Informal Workers across Europe : Evidence from 30 European Countries |
| title_sort |
informal workers across europe : evidence from 30 european countries |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111213090401 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3681 |
| _version_ |
1764387784460599296 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-36812021-04-23T14:02:11Z Informal Workers across Europe : Evidence from 30 European Countries Hazans, Mihails AGE COMPOSITION ANNUAL LEAVE AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISABILITY DISPLACED WORKERS DRIVERS ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYEE EMPLOYEE BENEFITS EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP EMPLOYMENT STATUS FIELD WORK FIRING FIRING COSTS FORMAL LABOR MARKET GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM HIGHER EDUCATION HIRING HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL SECTOR JOB CREATION JOB OFFER JOB OFFERS JOB SECURITY JOBS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY LABOR MARKETS LABOR REGULATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LEGAL STATUS LITERATURE LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT LONGTERM UNEMPLOYMENT LOW TRUST MALE EMPLOYEES MARKET ECONOMY MINIMUM WAGE MORALE MOTIVATION OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS OLDER WORKERS OPEN ACCESS PAPERS PRESENT VALUE PRIME AGE PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYEES PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTIVITY PROFESSIONALS RECRUITMENT RETIREMENT SAFETY SAFETY NET SALARIED WORKERS SELF EMPLOYED SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYED ACCOUNT SERVICE PROVIDERS SICK LEAVE SKILLED WORKERS SMALL BUSINESS SOCIAL CAPITAL TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TOTAL EMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNION MEMBERSHIP UNIVERSITY DEGREES UNIVERSITY GRADUATES WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE LEVEL WAGES WORK ACTIVITIES WORK EXPERIENCE WORK IN PROGRESS WORK PERMITS WORKER WORKERS WORKING WORKING CONDITION WORKING CONDITIONS WORKING HOURS WORKING TIME YOUNG WORKERS The European Social Survey data are used to analyze informal employment in 30 countries, focusing on employees without contracts and on informal self-employed workers (who are distinguished from formal workers). Overall the size of informal employment decreases from South to West to East to North. However, working without a contract is more prevalent in Eastern Europe than in the West, except for Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Austria. Between 2004 and 2009, no cases were found when unemployment and dependent informality rates in a country went up together, suggesting that working without a contract is pro-cyclical in Europe. The dependent informality rate is inversely related to skills (measured by either schooling or occupation). Both in Southern and in Western Europe, the highest dependent informality rate is found among immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, while in Eastern Europe this group is second after minorities without immigrant background. In the Southern and part of Western Europe, immigrants not covered by European Union free mobility provisions are much more likely to work without a contract than otherwise similar natives. The paper provides evidence that exclusion and discrimination plays an important role in pushing employees into informality, while this seems not to be the case for informal self-employed workers. Both on average and after controlling for a rich set of individual characteristics, informal employees in all parts of Europe are having the largest financial difficulties among all categories of the employed population (yet they fare much better than the unemployed and discouraged), while informal self-employed workers are at least as well off as formal employees. Finally, there is a negative and significant effect of individual-level satisfaction with the national government on the propensity to work without a contract in Eastern Europe, as well as in Western Europe. 2012-03-19T18:06:45Z 2012-03-19T18:06:45Z 2011-12-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111213090401 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3681 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5912 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia |