The Labor Supply and Retirement Behavior of China’s Older Workers and Elderly in Comparative Perspective
This paper highlights the employment patterns of China's over-45 population and, for perspective, places them in the context of work and retirement patterns in Indonesia, Korea, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As is common in many d...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111024112519 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3619 |
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okr-10986-3619 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE ACCOUNTING AGE DISTRIBUTION AGE POPULATIONS AGE SUPPORT AGING POPULATION AGING POPULATIONS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION BLUE COLLAR OCCUPATIONS BULLETIN CONTINUED EMPLOYMENT DEMOGRAPHERS DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISABILITY DISLOCATED WORKERS DISPLACED WORKERS EARLY RETIREMENT ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELDERLY ELDERLY POPULATION EMPLOYABILITY EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS EMPLOYMENT RATE EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EXTENDED FAMILY FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY SUPPORT FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMINIST GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISPARITY HEALTH INSURANCE HEALTH PROBLEMS HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION HOURS OF WORK HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES HUSBANDS INCOME INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS INTERNATIONAL POPULATION JOB HISTORY JOB LOSS JOB PLACEMENT JOB SEARCH JOBS LABOR ALLOCATION LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR INCOME LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABOR REGULATION LABOR RELATIONS LABOR RESEARCH LABOR SUPPLY LARGE CITIES LAYOFF LEGAL SUPPORT LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIFETIME EARNINGS LOW UNEMPLOYMENT LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATES MALE COUNTERPARTS MANDATORY RETIREMENT MARITAL STATUS MARRIED COUPLES MARRIED WOMEN MIGRANT MIGRANTS MIGRATION NATIONAL PENSION NORMAL RETIREMENT AGE NUTRITION OLD AGE OLD AGE LABOR SUPPLY OLD-AGE OLDER ADULTS OLDER HUSBANDS OLDER MEN OLDER WOMEN OLDER WORKERS PENSION PENSION BENEFITS PENSION COVERAGE PENSION INCOME PENSION INCOMES PENSION PLAN PENSION PROGRAM PENSION PROGRAMS PENSION SCHEME PENSION SYSTEM PENSION SYSTEMS PENSION WEALTH PENSIONS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR HEALTH POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT POPULATION CENSUS PRESENT EVIDENCE PRIVATE EMPLOYERS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS PRIVATE TRANSFER PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT PRODUCTIVE WORK PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROVISION OF CARE PUBLIC PENSION PUBLIC SERVICES REEMPLOYMENT CENTERS RESEARCH COMMUNITY RETIREES RETIREMENT RETIREMENT AGE RETIREMENT AGES RETIREMENT BEHAVIOR RETIREMENT DECISION RETIREMENT DECISIONS RETIREMENT INCENTIVES RETIREMENT PLANNING RETIREMENT SURVEY RETIREMENT SYSTEMS RURAL AREAS RURAL COUNTIES RURAL POPULATION RURAL RESIDENTS RURAL WOMAN RURAL WOMEN SELF-EMPLOYMENT SELFEMPLOYMENT SERVANTS SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKERS SMALL ENTERPRISES SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL INSURANCE BENEFITS SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SCIENCES SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFIT SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM SOCIAL SECURITY REFORMS SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS SPOUSE SPOUSES URBAN AREAS URBAN EMPLOYMENT URBAN MIGRATION URBAN POPULATIONS URBAN WOMEN URBAN WORKERS URBANIZATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE INCREASES WAGES WORK ACTIVITIES WORK ACTIVITY WORK HOURS WORK IN PROGRESS WORKER WORKFORCE WORKING WORKING HOURS WORKING LIFE WORKPLACE YOUNG AGE YOUNG AGES YOUNG WORKERS YOUNGER WORKERS YOUTH EMPLOYMENT |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE ACCOUNTING AGE DISTRIBUTION AGE POPULATIONS AGE SUPPORT AGING POPULATION AGING POPULATIONS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION BLUE COLLAR OCCUPATIONS BULLETIN CONTINUED EMPLOYMENT DEMOGRAPHERS DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISABILITY DISLOCATED WORKERS DISPLACED WORKERS EARLY RETIREMENT ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELDERLY ELDERLY POPULATION EMPLOYABILITY EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS EMPLOYMENT RATE EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EXTENDED FAMILY FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY SUPPORT FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMINIST GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISPARITY HEALTH INSURANCE HEALTH PROBLEMS HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION HOURS OF WORK HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES HUSBANDS INCOME INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS INTERNATIONAL POPULATION JOB HISTORY JOB LOSS JOB PLACEMENT JOB SEARCH JOBS LABOR ALLOCATION LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR INCOME LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABOR REGULATION LABOR RELATIONS LABOR RESEARCH LABOR SUPPLY LARGE CITIES LAYOFF LEGAL SUPPORT LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIFETIME EARNINGS LOW UNEMPLOYMENT LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATES MALE COUNTERPARTS MANDATORY RETIREMENT MARITAL STATUS MARRIED COUPLES MARRIED WOMEN MIGRANT MIGRANTS MIGRATION NATIONAL PENSION NORMAL RETIREMENT AGE NUTRITION OLD AGE OLD AGE LABOR SUPPLY OLD-AGE OLDER ADULTS OLDER HUSBANDS OLDER MEN OLDER WOMEN OLDER WORKERS PENSION PENSION BENEFITS PENSION COVERAGE PENSION INCOME PENSION INCOMES PENSION PLAN PENSION PROGRAM PENSION PROGRAMS PENSION SCHEME PENSION SYSTEM PENSION SYSTEMS PENSION WEALTH PENSIONS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR HEALTH POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT POPULATION CENSUS PRESENT EVIDENCE PRIVATE EMPLOYERS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS PRIVATE TRANSFER PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT PRODUCTIVE WORK PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROVISION OF CARE PUBLIC PENSION PUBLIC SERVICES REEMPLOYMENT CENTERS RESEARCH COMMUNITY RETIREES RETIREMENT RETIREMENT AGE RETIREMENT AGES RETIREMENT BEHAVIOR RETIREMENT DECISION RETIREMENT DECISIONS RETIREMENT INCENTIVES RETIREMENT PLANNING RETIREMENT SURVEY RETIREMENT SYSTEMS RURAL AREAS RURAL COUNTIES RURAL POPULATION RURAL RESIDENTS RURAL WOMAN RURAL WOMEN SELF-EMPLOYMENT SELFEMPLOYMENT SERVANTS SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKERS SMALL ENTERPRISES SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL INSURANCE BENEFITS SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SCIENCES SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFIT SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM SOCIAL SECURITY REFORMS SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS SPOUSE SPOUSES URBAN AREAS URBAN EMPLOYMENT URBAN MIGRATION URBAN POPULATIONS URBAN WOMEN URBAN WORKERS URBANIZATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE INCREASES WAGES WORK ACTIVITIES WORK ACTIVITY WORK HOURS WORK IN PROGRESS WORKER WORKFORCE WORKING WORKING HOURS WORKING LIFE WORKPLACE YOUNG AGE YOUNG AGES YOUNG WORKERS YOUNGER WORKERS YOUTH EMPLOYMENT Giles, John Wang, Dewen Cai, Wei The Labor Supply and Retirement Behavior of China’s Older Workers and Elderly in Comparative Perspective |
| geographic_facet |
East Asia and Pacific East Asia and Pacific East Asia Asia China |
| relation |
Paper is funded by the Knowledge for Change
Program (KCP),Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5853 |
| description |
This paper highlights the employment
patterns of China's over-45 population and, for
perspective, places them in the context of work and
retirement patterns in Indonesia, Korea, the United States,
and the United Kingdom. As is common in many developing
countries, China can be characterized as having two
retirement systems: a formal system, under which urban
employees receive generous pensions and face mandatory
retirement by age 60, and an informal system, under which
rural residents and individuals in the informal sector rely
on family support in old age and have much longer working
lives. Gender differences in age of exit from work are shown
to be much greater in urban China than in rural areas, and
also greater than observed in Korea and Indonesia.
Descriptive evidence is presented suggesting that pension
eligible workers are far more likely to cease productive
activity at a relatively young age. A strong relationship
between health status and labor supply in rural areas is
observed, indicating the potential role that improvements in
access to health care may play in extending working lives
and also providing some basis for a common perception that
older rural residents tend to work as long as they are
physically capable. The paper concludes with a discussion of
measures that may facilitate longer working lives as
China's population ages. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Giles, John Wang, Dewen Cai, Wei |
| author_facet |
Giles, John Wang, Dewen Cai, Wei |
| author_sort |
Giles, John |
| title |
The Labor Supply and Retirement Behavior of China’s Older Workers and Elderly in Comparative Perspective |
| title_short |
The Labor Supply and Retirement Behavior of China’s Older Workers and Elderly in Comparative Perspective |
| title_full |
The Labor Supply and Retirement Behavior of China’s Older Workers and Elderly in Comparative Perspective |
| title_fullStr |
The Labor Supply and Retirement Behavior of China’s Older Workers and Elderly in Comparative Perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Labor Supply and Retirement Behavior of China’s Older Workers and Elderly in Comparative Perspective |
| title_sort |
labor supply and retirement behavior of china’s older workers and elderly in comparative perspective |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111024112519 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3619 |
| _version_ |
1764387471512043520 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-36192021-04-23T14:02:11Z The Labor Supply and Retirement Behavior of China’s Older Workers and Elderly in Comparative Perspective Giles, John Wang, Dewen Cai, Wei ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE ACCOUNTING AGE DISTRIBUTION AGE POPULATIONS AGE SUPPORT AGING POPULATION AGING POPULATIONS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION BLUE COLLAR OCCUPATIONS BULLETIN CONTINUED EMPLOYMENT DEMOGRAPHERS DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISABILITY DISLOCATED WORKERS DISPLACED WORKERS EARLY RETIREMENT ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELDERLY ELDERLY POPULATION EMPLOYABILITY EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS EMPLOYMENT RATE EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EXTENDED FAMILY FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY SUPPORT FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMINIST GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISPARITY HEALTH INSURANCE HEALTH PROBLEMS HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION HOURS OF WORK HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES HUSBANDS INCOME INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS INTERNATIONAL POPULATION JOB HISTORY JOB LOSS JOB PLACEMENT JOB SEARCH JOBS LABOR ALLOCATION LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR INCOME LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABOR REGULATION LABOR RELATIONS LABOR RESEARCH LABOR SUPPLY LARGE CITIES LAYOFF LEGAL SUPPORT LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIFETIME EARNINGS LOW UNEMPLOYMENT LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATES MALE COUNTERPARTS MANDATORY RETIREMENT MARITAL STATUS MARRIED COUPLES MARRIED WOMEN MIGRANT MIGRANTS MIGRATION NATIONAL PENSION NORMAL RETIREMENT AGE NUTRITION OLD AGE OLD AGE LABOR SUPPLY OLD-AGE OLDER ADULTS OLDER HUSBANDS OLDER MEN OLDER WOMEN OLDER WORKERS PENSION PENSION BENEFITS PENSION COVERAGE PENSION INCOME PENSION INCOMES PENSION PLAN PENSION PROGRAM PENSION PROGRAMS PENSION SCHEME PENSION SYSTEM PENSION SYSTEMS PENSION WEALTH PENSIONS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR HEALTH POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT POPULATION CENSUS PRESENT EVIDENCE PRIVATE EMPLOYERS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS PRIVATE TRANSFER PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT PRODUCTIVE WORK PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROVISION OF CARE PUBLIC PENSION PUBLIC SERVICES REEMPLOYMENT CENTERS RESEARCH COMMUNITY RETIREES RETIREMENT RETIREMENT AGE RETIREMENT AGES RETIREMENT BEHAVIOR RETIREMENT DECISION RETIREMENT DECISIONS RETIREMENT INCENTIVES RETIREMENT PLANNING RETIREMENT SURVEY RETIREMENT SYSTEMS RURAL AREAS RURAL COUNTIES RURAL POPULATION RURAL RESIDENTS RURAL WOMAN RURAL WOMEN SELF-EMPLOYMENT SELFEMPLOYMENT SERVANTS SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKERS SMALL ENTERPRISES SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL INSURANCE BENEFITS SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SCIENCES SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFIT SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM SOCIAL SECURITY REFORMS SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS SPOUSE SPOUSES URBAN AREAS URBAN EMPLOYMENT URBAN MIGRATION URBAN POPULATIONS URBAN WOMEN URBAN WORKERS URBANIZATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE INCREASES WAGES WORK ACTIVITIES WORK ACTIVITY WORK HOURS WORK IN PROGRESS WORKER WORKFORCE WORKING WORKING HOURS WORKING LIFE WORKPLACE YOUNG AGE YOUNG AGES YOUNG WORKERS YOUNGER WORKERS YOUTH EMPLOYMENT This paper highlights the employment patterns of China's over-45 population and, for perspective, places them in the context of work and retirement patterns in Indonesia, Korea, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As is common in many developing countries, China can be characterized as having two retirement systems: a formal system, under which urban employees receive generous pensions and face mandatory retirement by age 60, and an informal system, under which rural residents and individuals in the informal sector rely on family support in old age and have much longer working lives. Gender differences in age of exit from work are shown to be much greater in urban China than in rural areas, and also greater than observed in Korea and Indonesia. Descriptive evidence is presented suggesting that pension eligible workers are far more likely to cease productive activity at a relatively young age. A strong relationship between health status and labor supply in rural areas is observed, indicating the potential role that improvements in access to health care may play in extending working lives and also providing some basis for a common perception that older rural residents tend to work as long as they are physically capable. The paper concludes with a discussion of measures that may facilitate longer working lives as China's population ages. 2012-03-19T18:05:40Z 2012-03-19T18:05:40Z 2011-10-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111024112519 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3619 English Paper is funded by the Knowledge for Change Program (KCP),Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5853 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper East Asia and Pacific East Asia and Pacific East Asia Asia China |