Ladies First? Firm-level Evidence on the Labor Impacts of the East Asian Crisis
In a crisis, do employers place the burden of adjustment disproportionately on female employees? Relying on household and labor force data, existing studies of the distributional impact of crises have not been able to address this question. This pa...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110906103035 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3552 |
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okr-10986-3552 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ABSENTEEISM ADJUSTMENT COSTS AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT APPAREL INDUSTRY ATTRITION AVERAGE WAGE AVERAGE WAGES BUSINESS CYCLE COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION CREATIVE DESTRUCTION CRISES CULTURAL CHANGE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION EARNINGS REGRESSIONS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC SHOCKS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT IMPACT EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS EMPLOYMENT RATES ENTRY RATE FEMALE FEMALE EMPLOYEES FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE WORKERS FEMINIST FEMINIST ECONOMICS FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FIRM EXIT FIRM GROWTH FIRM LEVEL FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SIZE FIRM SURVIVAL FIRM-LEVEL ANALYSIS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN-OWNED FIRMS GENDER GENDER ACTION GENDER BIAS GENDER COMPOSITION GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIMENSIONS GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUITY GENDER GAP GENDER IMBALANCES GENDER IMPACT GENDER IMPLICATIONS GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER NEUTRAL GENDER NORMS GENDER PERSPECTIVES GENDER SEGREGATION GENDER SPECIFIC GENDER WAGE GAPS GIRLS GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT HOME HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES INDUSTRIALIZATION INEQUALITY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION JOB CREATION JOB DESTRUCTION JOB LOSSES JOBS LABOR ADJUSTMENT LABOR DEMAND LABOR DISPUTES LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR LAWS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABOR REGULATION LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR DEMAND LABOUR MARKET LABOUR MARKETS LAYOFFS LIVING STANDARDS MALE COUNTERPARTS MALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS MALE WORKERS MANUFACTURING WAGES MATERNITY LEAVE MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES MULTI-PLANT FIRMS NATIONAL GOVERNMENT NET EMPLOYMENT NET JOB CREATION NET JOB LOSSES NUMBER OF PEOPLE NUTRITION OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE POLICY BRIEF POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY REGIME POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH REPORT ON GENDER POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROPORTION OF WOMEN PUBLIC SECTOR DOWNSIZING RADIO REAL WAGE REAL WAGES RISK SHARING ROLE OF GENDER SEX SKILLED EMPLOYEES SMALL MANUFACTURING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES STATUS OF WOMEN SURVIVAL ANALYSIS TELEVISION TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL WAGE TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNDP UNITED NATIONS UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS UNPAID WORKERS URBAN AREAS URBAN MIGRATION VULNERABILITY WAGE ADJUSTMENT WAGE BILL WAGE DATA WAGE DIFFERENCES WAGE EFFECTS WAGE GAP WAGE GROWTH WAGE LOSSES WAGE POLICIES WAGE RIGIDITIES WHITE COLLAR WORKERS WILL WOMEN EMPLOYEES WOMEN WORKERS WORKER WORKER HETEROGENEITY WORKERS WORKFORCE |
| spellingShingle |
ABSENTEEISM ADJUSTMENT COSTS AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT APPAREL INDUSTRY ATTRITION AVERAGE WAGE AVERAGE WAGES BUSINESS CYCLE COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION CREATIVE DESTRUCTION CRISES CULTURAL CHANGE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION EARNINGS REGRESSIONS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC SHOCKS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT IMPACT EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS EMPLOYMENT RATES ENTRY RATE FEMALE FEMALE EMPLOYEES FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE WORKERS FEMINIST FEMINIST ECONOMICS FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FIRM EXIT FIRM GROWTH FIRM LEVEL FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SIZE FIRM SURVIVAL FIRM-LEVEL ANALYSIS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN-OWNED FIRMS GENDER GENDER ACTION GENDER BIAS GENDER COMPOSITION GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIMENSIONS GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUITY GENDER GAP GENDER IMBALANCES GENDER IMPACT GENDER IMPLICATIONS GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER NEUTRAL GENDER NORMS GENDER PERSPECTIVES GENDER SEGREGATION GENDER SPECIFIC GENDER WAGE GAPS GIRLS GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT HOME HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES INDUSTRIALIZATION INEQUALITY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION JOB CREATION JOB DESTRUCTION JOB LOSSES JOBS LABOR ADJUSTMENT LABOR DEMAND LABOR DISPUTES LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR LAWS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABOR REGULATION LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR DEMAND LABOUR MARKET LABOUR MARKETS LAYOFFS LIVING STANDARDS MALE COUNTERPARTS MALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS MALE WORKERS MANUFACTURING WAGES MATERNITY LEAVE MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES MULTI-PLANT FIRMS NATIONAL GOVERNMENT NET EMPLOYMENT NET JOB CREATION NET JOB LOSSES NUMBER OF PEOPLE NUTRITION OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE POLICY BRIEF POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY REGIME POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH REPORT ON GENDER POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROPORTION OF WOMEN PUBLIC SECTOR DOWNSIZING RADIO REAL WAGE REAL WAGES RISK SHARING ROLE OF GENDER SEX SKILLED EMPLOYEES SMALL MANUFACTURING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES STATUS OF WOMEN SURVIVAL ANALYSIS TELEVISION TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL WAGE TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNDP UNITED NATIONS UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS UNPAID WORKERS URBAN AREAS URBAN MIGRATION VULNERABILITY WAGE ADJUSTMENT WAGE BILL WAGE DATA WAGE DIFFERENCES WAGE EFFECTS WAGE GAP WAGE GROWTH WAGE LOSSES WAGE POLICIES WAGE RIGIDITIES WHITE COLLAR WORKERS WILL WOMEN EMPLOYEES WOMEN WORKERS WORKER WORKER HETEROGENEITY WORKERS WORKFORCE Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Rijkers, Bob Waxman, Andrew Ladies First? Firm-level Evidence on the Labor Impacts of the East Asian Crisis |
| geographic_facet |
Indonesia |
| relation |
Paper is funded by the Knowledge for Change
Program (KCP),Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5789 |
| description |
In a crisis, do employers place the
burden of adjustment disproportionately on female employees?
Relying on household and labor force data, existing studies
of the distributional impact of crises have not been able to
address this question. This paper uses Indonesia's
census of manufacturing firms to analyze employer responses
and to identify mechanisms by which gender differences in
impact may arise, notably differential treatment of men and
women within firms as well as gender sorting across firms
that varied in their exposure to the crisis. On average,
women experienced higher job losses than their male
colleagues within the same firm. However, the aggregate
adverse effect of such differential treatment was more than
offset by women being disproportionately employed in firms
hit relatively less hard by the crisis. The 0 hypothesis
that there were no gender differences in wage adjustment is
not rejected. Analyzing how employer characteristics impact
labor market adjustment patterns contributes to the
understanding of who is vulnerable in volatile times. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Rijkers, Bob Waxman, Andrew |
| author_facet |
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Rijkers, Bob Waxman, Andrew |
| author_sort |
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary |
| title |
Ladies First? Firm-level Evidence on the Labor Impacts of the East Asian Crisis |
| title_short |
Ladies First? Firm-level Evidence on the Labor Impacts of the East Asian Crisis |
| title_full |
Ladies First? Firm-level Evidence on the Labor Impacts of the East Asian Crisis |
| title_fullStr |
Ladies First? Firm-level Evidence on the Labor Impacts of the East Asian Crisis |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Ladies First? Firm-level Evidence on the Labor Impacts of the East Asian Crisis |
| title_sort |
ladies first? firm-level evidence on the labor impacts of the east asian crisis |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110906103035 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3552 |
| _version_ |
1764387189308784640 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-35522021-04-23T14:02:10Z Ladies First? Firm-level Evidence on the Labor Impacts of the East Asian Crisis Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Rijkers, Bob Waxman, Andrew ABSENTEEISM ADJUSTMENT COSTS AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT APPAREL INDUSTRY ATTRITION AVERAGE WAGE AVERAGE WAGES BUSINESS CYCLE COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION CREATIVE DESTRUCTION CRISES CULTURAL CHANGE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION EARNINGS REGRESSIONS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC SHOCKS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT IMPACT EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS EMPLOYMENT RATES ENTRY RATE FEMALE FEMALE EMPLOYEES FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE WORKERS FEMINIST FEMINIST ECONOMICS FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FIRM EXIT FIRM GROWTH FIRM LEVEL FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SIZE FIRM SURVIVAL FIRM-LEVEL ANALYSIS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN-OWNED FIRMS GENDER GENDER ACTION GENDER BIAS GENDER COMPOSITION GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIMENSIONS GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUITY GENDER GAP GENDER IMBALANCES GENDER IMPACT GENDER IMPLICATIONS GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER NEUTRAL GENDER NORMS GENDER PERSPECTIVES GENDER SEGREGATION GENDER SPECIFIC GENDER WAGE GAPS GIRLS GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT HOME HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES INDUSTRIALIZATION INEQUALITY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION JOB CREATION JOB DESTRUCTION JOB LOSSES JOBS LABOR ADJUSTMENT LABOR DEMAND LABOR DISPUTES LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR LAWS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABOR REGULATION LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR DEMAND LABOUR MARKET LABOUR MARKETS LAYOFFS LIVING STANDARDS MALE COUNTERPARTS MALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS MALE WORKERS MANUFACTURING WAGES MATERNITY LEAVE MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES MULTI-PLANT FIRMS NATIONAL GOVERNMENT NET EMPLOYMENT NET JOB CREATION NET JOB LOSSES NUMBER OF PEOPLE NUTRITION OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE POLICY BRIEF POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY REGIME POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH REPORT ON GENDER POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROPORTION OF WOMEN PUBLIC SECTOR DOWNSIZING RADIO REAL WAGE REAL WAGES RISK SHARING ROLE OF GENDER SEX SKILLED EMPLOYEES SMALL MANUFACTURING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES STATUS OF WOMEN SURVIVAL ANALYSIS TELEVISION TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL WAGE TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNDP UNITED NATIONS UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS UNPAID WORKERS URBAN AREAS URBAN MIGRATION VULNERABILITY WAGE ADJUSTMENT WAGE BILL WAGE DATA WAGE DIFFERENCES WAGE EFFECTS WAGE GAP WAGE GROWTH WAGE LOSSES WAGE POLICIES WAGE RIGIDITIES WHITE COLLAR WORKERS WILL WOMEN EMPLOYEES WOMEN WORKERS WORKER WORKER HETEROGENEITY WORKERS WORKFORCE In a crisis, do employers place the burden of adjustment disproportionately on female employees? Relying on household and labor force data, existing studies of the distributional impact of crises have not been able to address this question. This paper uses Indonesia's census of manufacturing firms to analyze employer responses and to identify mechanisms by which gender differences in impact may arise, notably differential treatment of men and women within firms as well as gender sorting across firms that varied in their exposure to the crisis. On average, women experienced higher job losses than their male colleagues within the same firm. However, the aggregate adverse effect of such differential treatment was more than offset by women being disproportionately employed in firms hit relatively less hard by the crisis. The 0 hypothesis that there were no gender differences in wage adjustment is not rejected. Analyzing how employer characteristics impact labor market adjustment patterns contributes to the understanding of who is vulnerable in volatile times. 2012-03-19T18:04:30Z 2012-03-19T18:04:30Z 2011-09-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110906103035 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3552 English Paper is funded by the Knowledge for Change Program (KCP),Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5789 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Indonesia |