Closing the Gap : Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai
There is increasing recognition that women experience mobility differently from men. A growing body of literature documents the differences in men and women’s mobility patterns. However, there is limited evidence on the evolution of these mobility...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
World Bank, Washington, DC
2021
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/444851615221040832/Closing-the-Gap-Gender-Transport-and-Employment-in-Mumbai http://hdl.handle.net/10986/35248 |
| id |
okr-10986-35248 |
|---|---|
| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| spelling |
okr-10986-352482022-09-20T00:09:42Z Closing the Gap : Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai Alam, Muneeza Mehmood Cropper, Maureen Herrera Dappe, Matias Suri, Palak TRANSPORT MOBILITY GENDER BARRIERS PUBLIC TRANSIT FEMALE EMPLOYMENT PINK TAX FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ACCESS TO TRANSPORT There is increasing recognition that women experience mobility differently from men. A growing body of literature documents the differences in men and women’s mobility patterns. However, there is limited evidence on the evolution of these mobility patterns over time and the role that transportation networks play in women’s access to economic opportunities. This study attempts to fill these gaps. It contributes to the literature in two ways. First, it documents the differences in men and women’s mobility patterns in Mumbai, India, and the changes in these patterns over time, as the city has developed. Second, it explores whether the lack of access to mass transit limits women’s labor force participation. The study analyzes two household surveys conducted in the Greater Mumbai Region in 2004 and 2019. It finds important differences in the mobility patterns of men and women that reflect differences in the division of labor within the household. These differences in mobility patterns, and their evolution over time, point to an implicit “pink tax” on female mobility. Transport appears to be only one of many barriers to women’s labor force participation and not the most important one. 2021-03-11T14:46:56Z 2021-03-11T14:46:56Z 2021-03 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/444851615221040832/Closing-the-Gap-Gender-Transport-and-Employment-in-Mumbai http://hdl.handle.net/10986/35248 English Policy Research Working Paper;No. 9569 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper South Asia India |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
TRANSPORT MOBILITY GENDER BARRIERS PUBLIC TRANSIT FEMALE EMPLOYMENT PINK TAX FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ACCESS TO TRANSPORT |
| spellingShingle |
TRANSPORT MOBILITY GENDER BARRIERS PUBLIC TRANSIT FEMALE EMPLOYMENT PINK TAX FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ACCESS TO TRANSPORT Alam, Muneeza Mehmood Cropper, Maureen Herrera Dappe, Matias Suri, Palak Closing the Gap : Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai |
| geographic_facet |
South Asia India |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 9569 |
| description |
There is increasing recognition that
women experience mobility differently from men. A growing
body of literature documents the differences in men and
women’s mobility patterns. However, there is limited
evidence on the evolution of these mobility patterns over
time and the role that transportation networks play in
women’s access to economic opportunities. This study
attempts to fill these gaps. It contributes to the
literature in two ways. First, it documents the differences
in men and women’s mobility patterns in Mumbai, India, and
the changes in these patterns over time, as the city has
developed. Second, it explores whether the lack of access to
mass transit limits women’s labor force participation. The
study analyzes two household surveys conducted in the
Greater Mumbai Region in 2004 and 2019. It finds important
differences in the mobility patterns of men and women that
reflect differences in the division of labor within the
household. These differences in mobility patterns, and their
evolution over time, point to an implicit “pink tax” on
female mobility. Transport appears to be only one of many
barriers to women’s labor force participation and not the
most important one. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| author |
Alam, Muneeza Mehmood Cropper, Maureen Herrera Dappe, Matias Suri, Palak |
| author_facet |
Alam, Muneeza Mehmood Cropper, Maureen Herrera Dappe, Matias Suri, Palak |
| author_sort |
Alam, Muneeza Mehmood |
| title |
Closing the Gap : Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai |
| title_short |
Closing the Gap : Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai |
| title_full |
Closing the Gap : Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai |
| title_fullStr |
Closing the Gap : Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Closing the Gap : Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai |
| title_sort |
closing the gap : gender, transport, and employment in mumbai |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/444851615221040832/Closing-the-Gap-Gender-Transport-and-Employment-in-Mumbai http://hdl.handle.net/10986/35248 |
| _version_ |
1764482636998246400 |