Closing the Gap : Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai
There is increasing recognition that women experience mobility differently from men. A growing body of literature documents the differences in men and women’s mobility patterns. However, there is limited evidence on the evolution of these mobility...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
World Bank, Washington, DC
2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/444851615221040832/Closing-the-Gap-Gender-Transport-and-Employment-in-Mumbai http://hdl.handle.net/10986/35248 |
| Summary: | There is increasing recognition that
women experience mobility differently from men. A growing
body of literature documents the differences in men and
women’s mobility patterns. However, there is limited
evidence on the evolution of these mobility patterns over
time and the role that transportation networks play in
women’s access to economic opportunities. This study
attempts to fill these gaps. It contributes to the
literature in two ways. First, it documents the differences
in men and women’s mobility patterns in Mumbai, India, and
the changes in these patterns over time, as the city has
developed. Second, it explores whether the lack of access to
mass transit limits women’s labor force participation. The
study analyzes two household surveys conducted in the
Greater Mumbai Region in 2004 and 2019. It finds important
differences in the mobility patterns of men and women that
reflect differences in the division of labor within the
household. These differences in mobility patterns, and their
evolution over time, point to an implicit “pink tax” on
female mobility. Transport appears to be only one of many
barriers to women’s labor force participation and not the
most important one. |
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