Informality and Protection from Health Shocks : Lessons from Yemen

The informal sector is generally believed to be more vulnerable to various risks due to limited access to social insurance, but little empirical evidence exists to support this statement. This paper examines the relationship between informality and...

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Main Author:	Cho, Yoonyoung
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES AGED BREASTFEEDING CAPITA HEALTH EXPENDITURE CASUAL EMPLOYMENT CATASTROPHIC EXPENDITURE CHILD BENEFIT CHILD HEALTH CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS DEATHS DELIVERY OF HEALTH SERVICES DISABILITY BENEFITS DISPLACED WORKERS ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT STATUS ESTIMATED PROBABILITY EXERCISES EXTERNAL SHOCKS FAMILIES FOOD CONSUMPTION FORMAL EMPLOYMENT HEALTH CARE HEALTH ECONOMICS HEALTH EXPENDITURE HEALTH EXPENDITURES HEALTH FINANCING HEALTH INDICATORS HEALTH INFORMATION HEALTH INSURANCE HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH PROFESSIONALS HEALTH SECTOR HEALTH SERVICE HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY HEALTH SERVICE PROVIDER HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH SYSTEM HOURLY WAGE HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES ILLNESS IMMUNIZATION INCOME INCOME COUNTRIES INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCOME LOSS INCOME LOSSES INCOME RISKS INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL SAFETY NETS INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS INFORMAL WORKERS INSURANCE INSURANCE COVERAGE INSURANCE SYSTEM JOB DURATION JOB LOSS JOB LOSSES JOB SEARCH JOB SEARCH PROCESS JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS LABOR MARKET INDICATORS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR MARKETS LABOR MOBILITY LABOR OFFICE LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR POLICY LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR RELATIONS LACK OF HEALTH INSURANCE LAYOFF LIMITED ACCESS LIVING CONDITIONS LOW INCOME MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS MALNUTRITION MARKET WAGE MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE MEDICAL SERVICE MOBILITY OF LABOR MORBIDITY MORTALITY NATIONAL HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUTRITION OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS PENSION PENSIONS POCKET EXPENDITURE POCKET EXPENDITURES POCKET PAYMENT POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLIO POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY OBJECTIVE PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE TRANSFER PRIVATE TRANSFERS PROBABILITY PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH SPENDING PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SECTOR WORKERS PUBLIC TRANSFERS RESOURCE ALLOCATION RISK COPING RISK POOLING RURAL WORKERS SAFETY NET SAVINGS SELF EMPLOYED SELF EMPLOYED WORKERS SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF PROTECTION SELF-INSURANCE SERVICE PROVIDER SHADOW ECONOMIES SHADOW ECONOMY SHARE OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE SHARE OF HEALTH SPENDING SHOCK SKILLED WORKERS SMOKING SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY TAXATION TRANSFER INCOME TRANSITION ECONOMIES TUBERCULOSIS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE URBAN EMPLOYMENT WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE GAP WAGE PREMIUM WAGE RATE WAGE RATES WAGE WORKER WAGE WORKERS WAR WATER SUPPLY WORK EXPERIENCE WORKERS
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110801141040 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3507

id	okr-10986-3507
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES AGED BREASTFEEDING CAPITA HEALTH EXPENDITURE CASUAL EMPLOYMENT CATASTROPHIC EXPENDITURE CHILD BENEFIT CHILD HEALTH CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS DEATHS DELIVERY OF HEALTH SERVICES DISABILITY BENEFITS DISPLACED WORKERS ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT STATUS ESTIMATED PROBABILITY EXERCISES EXTERNAL SHOCKS FAMILIES FOOD CONSUMPTION FORMAL EMPLOYMENT HEALTH CARE HEALTH ECONOMICS HEALTH EXPENDITURE HEALTH EXPENDITURES HEALTH FINANCING HEALTH INDICATORS HEALTH INFORMATION HEALTH INSURANCE HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH PROFESSIONALS HEALTH SECTOR HEALTH SERVICE HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY HEALTH SERVICE PROVIDER HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH SYSTEM HOURLY WAGE HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES ILLNESS IMMUNIZATION INCOME INCOME COUNTRIES INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCOME LOSS INCOME LOSSES INCOME RISKS INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL SAFETY NETS INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS INFORMAL WORKERS INSURANCE INSURANCE COVERAGE INSURANCE SYSTEM JOB DURATION JOB LOSS JOB LOSSES JOB SEARCH JOB SEARCH PROCESS JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS LABOR MARKET INDICATORS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR MARKETS LABOR MOBILITY LABOR OFFICE LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR POLICY LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR RELATIONS LACK OF HEALTH INSURANCE LAYOFF LIMITED ACCESS LIVING CONDITIONS LOW INCOME MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS MALNUTRITION MARKET WAGE MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE MEDICAL SERVICE MOBILITY OF LABOR MORBIDITY MORTALITY NATIONAL HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUTRITION OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS PENSION PENSIONS POCKET EXPENDITURE POCKET EXPENDITURES POCKET PAYMENT POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLIO POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY OBJECTIVE PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE TRANSFER PRIVATE TRANSFERS PROBABILITY PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH SPENDING PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SECTOR WORKERS PUBLIC TRANSFERS RESOURCE ALLOCATION RISK COPING RISK POOLING RURAL WORKERS SAFETY NET SAVINGS SELF EMPLOYED SELF EMPLOYED WORKERS SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF PROTECTION SELF-INSURANCE SERVICE PROVIDER SHADOW ECONOMIES SHADOW ECONOMY SHARE OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE SHARE OF HEALTH SPENDING SHOCK SKILLED WORKERS SMOKING SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY TAXATION TRANSFER INCOME TRANSITION ECONOMIES TUBERCULOSIS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE URBAN EMPLOYMENT WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE GAP WAGE PREMIUM WAGE RATE WAGE RATES WAGE WORKER WAGE WORKERS WAR WATER SUPPLY WORK EXPERIENCE WORKERS
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES AGED BREASTFEEDING CAPITA HEALTH EXPENDITURE CASUAL EMPLOYMENT CATASTROPHIC EXPENDITURE CHILD BENEFIT CHILD HEALTH CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS DEATHS DELIVERY OF HEALTH SERVICES DISABILITY BENEFITS DISPLACED WORKERS ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT STATUS ESTIMATED PROBABILITY EXERCISES EXTERNAL SHOCKS FAMILIES FOOD CONSUMPTION FORMAL EMPLOYMENT HEALTH CARE HEALTH ECONOMICS HEALTH EXPENDITURE HEALTH EXPENDITURES HEALTH FINANCING HEALTH INDICATORS HEALTH INFORMATION HEALTH INSURANCE HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH PROFESSIONALS HEALTH SECTOR HEALTH SERVICE HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY HEALTH SERVICE PROVIDER HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH SYSTEM HOURLY WAGE HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES ILLNESS IMMUNIZATION INCOME INCOME COUNTRIES INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCOME LOSS INCOME LOSSES INCOME RISKS INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL SAFETY NETS INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS INFORMAL WORKERS INSURANCE INSURANCE COVERAGE INSURANCE SYSTEM JOB DURATION JOB LOSS JOB LOSSES JOB SEARCH JOB SEARCH PROCESS JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS LABOR MARKET INDICATORS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR MARKETS LABOR MOBILITY LABOR OFFICE LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR POLICY LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR RELATIONS LACK OF HEALTH INSURANCE LAYOFF LIMITED ACCESS LIVING CONDITIONS LOW INCOME MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS MALNUTRITION MARKET WAGE MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE MEDICAL SERVICE MOBILITY OF LABOR MORBIDITY MORTALITY NATIONAL HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUTRITION OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS PENSION PENSIONS POCKET EXPENDITURE POCKET EXPENDITURES POCKET PAYMENT POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLIO POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY OBJECTIVE PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE TRANSFER PRIVATE TRANSFERS PROBABILITY PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH SPENDING PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SECTOR WORKERS PUBLIC TRANSFERS RESOURCE ALLOCATION RISK COPING RISK POOLING RURAL WORKERS SAFETY NET SAVINGS SELF EMPLOYED SELF EMPLOYED WORKERS SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF PROTECTION SELF-INSURANCE SERVICE PROVIDER SHADOW ECONOMIES SHADOW ECONOMY SHARE OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE SHARE OF HEALTH SPENDING SHOCK SKILLED WORKERS SMOKING SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY TAXATION TRANSFER INCOME TRANSITION ECONOMIES TUBERCULOSIS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE URBAN EMPLOYMENT WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE GAP WAGE PREMIUM WAGE RATE WAGE RATES WAGE WORKER WAGE WORKERS WAR WATER SUPPLY WORK EXPERIENCE WORKERS Cho, Yoonyoung Informality and Protection from Health Shocks : Lessons from Yemen
geographic_facet	Middle East and North Africa Middle East and North Africa Middle East Yemen, Republic of
relation	Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5746
description	The informal sector is generally believed to be more vulnerable to various risks due to limited access to social insurance, but little empirical evidence exists to support this statement. This paper examines the relationship between informality and protection from health risks in Yemen. The formal sector, when defined based on pension coverage, largely overlaps with public employment where the better educated, more experienced, and better informed tend to work. The results indicate that, even after accounting for socio-economic status, water supply and quality conditions, risky behavior patterns, and unobserved heterogeneity, formal sector households have better accessibility and affordability to health service. This may in part explain better health outcomes among formal households, although large heterogeneity across regions (urban/rural) exists. However, the role of the existing health insurance is found to be unclear. The findings reconfirm the importance of policies that promote universal access to health service and a risk pooling avenue delinked from employment types as well as healthy living conditions and lifestyles.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Cho, Yoonyoung
author_facet	Cho, Yoonyoung
author_sort	Cho, Yoonyoung
title	Informality and Protection from Health Shocks : Lessons from Yemen
title_short	Informality and Protection from Health Shocks : Lessons from Yemen
title_full	Informality and Protection from Health Shocks : Lessons from Yemen
title_fullStr	Informality and Protection from Health Shocks : Lessons from Yemen
title_full_unstemmed	Informality and Protection from Health Shocks : Lessons from Yemen
title_sort	informality and protection from health shocks : lessons from yemen
publishDate	2012
url	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110801141040 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3507
_version_	1764387114066116608
spelling	okr-10986-35072021-04-23T14:02:10Z Informality and Protection from Health Shocks : Lessons from Yemen Cho, Yoonyoung ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES AGED BREASTFEEDING CAPITA HEALTH EXPENDITURE CASUAL EMPLOYMENT CATASTROPHIC EXPENDITURE CHILD BENEFIT CHILD HEALTH CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS DEATHS DELIVERY OF HEALTH SERVICES DISABILITY BENEFITS DISPLACED WORKERS ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT STATUS ESTIMATED PROBABILITY EXERCISES EXTERNAL SHOCKS FAMILIES FOOD CONSUMPTION FORMAL EMPLOYMENT HEALTH CARE HEALTH ECONOMICS HEALTH EXPENDITURE HEALTH EXPENDITURES HEALTH FINANCING HEALTH INDICATORS HEALTH INFORMATION HEALTH INSURANCE HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH PROFESSIONALS HEALTH SECTOR HEALTH SERVICE HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY HEALTH SERVICE PROVIDER HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH SYSTEM HOURLY WAGE HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES ILLNESS IMMUNIZATION INCOME INCOME COUNTRIES INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCOME LOSS INCOME LOSSES INCOME RISKS INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL SAFETY NETS INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS INFORMAL WORKERS INSURANCE INSURANCE COVERAGE INSURANCE SYSTEM JOB DURATION JOB LOSS JOB LOSSES JOB SEARCH JOB SEARCH PROCESS JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS LABOR MARKET INDICATORS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR MARKETS LABOR MOBILITY LABOR OFFICE LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR POLICY LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR RELATIONS LACK OF HEALTH INSURANCE LAYOFF LIMITED ACCESS LIVING CONDITIONS LOW INCOME MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS MALNUTRITION MARKET WAGE MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE MEDICAL SERVICE MOBILITY OF LABOR MORBIDITY MORTALITY NATIONAL HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUTRITION OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS PENSION PENSIONS POCKET EXPENDITURE POCKET EXPENDITURES POCKET PAYMENT POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLIO POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY OBJECTIVE PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE TRANSFER PRIVATE TRANSFERS PROBABILITY PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH SPENDING PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SECTOR WORKERS PUBLIC TRANSFERS RESOURCE ALLOCATION RISK COPING RISK POOLING RURAL WORKERS SAFETY NET SAVINGS SELF EMPLOYED SELF EMPLOYED WORKERS SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF PROTECTION SELF-INSURANCE SERVICE PROVIDER SHADOW ECONOMIES SHADOW ECONOMY SHARE OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE SHARE OF HEALTH SPENDING SHOCK SKILLED WORKERS SMOKING SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY TAXATION TRANSFER INCOME TRANSITION ECONOMIES TUBERCULOSIS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE URBAN EMPLOYMENT WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE GAP WAGE PREMIUM WAGE RATE WAGE RATES WAGE WORKER WAGE WORKERS WAR WATER SUPPLY WORK EXPERIENCE WORKERS The informal sector is generally believed to be more vulnerable to various risks due to limited access to social insurance, but little empirical evidence exists to support this statement. This paper examines the relationship between informality and protection from health risks in Yemen. The formal sector, when defined based on pension coverage, largely overlaps with public employment where the better educated, more experienced, and better informed tend to work. The results indicate that, even after accounting for socio-economic status, water supply and quality conditions, risky behavior patterns, and unobserved heterogeneity, formal sector households have better accessibility and affordability to health service. This may in part explain better health outcomes among formal households, although large heterogeneity across regions (urban/rural) exists. However, the role of the existing health insurance is found to be unclear. The findings reconfirm the importance of policies that promote universal access to health service and a risk pooling avenue delinked from employment types as well as healthy living conditions and lifestyles. 2012-03-19T18:03:42Z 2012-03-19T18:03:42Z 2011-08-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110801141040 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3507 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5746 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Middle East and North Africa Middle East and North Africa Middle East Yemen, Republic of

Informality and Protection from Health Shocks : Lessons from Yemen

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