Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization
This paper develops an innovative 21 sector computable general equilibrium model of Armenia to assess the impact on Armenia of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the European Union, as well as further regional or multilateral trade...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110518082525 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3425 |
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okr-10986-3425 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ADVANCED COUNTRIES AGRICULTURE AIR AIR TRANSPORT BANKING SERVICES BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENCHMARK EQUILIBRIUM CAPITAL GOOD CAPITAL STOCK CENTRAL ELASTICITY COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF TRANSFORMATION CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE COST REDUCTION COST STRUCTURE COST STRUCTURES COUNTRY OF ORIGIN CUSTOMS UNION DEMAND CURVE DEMAND CURVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT INTENSITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRODUCTION ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATES ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS LITERATURE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY ELASTICITY VALUES EQUILIBRIUM EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTERS EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITY FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FEDERAL RESERVE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIRM PERFORMANCE FIXED RATE FOOD INDUSTRY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN GOODS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN OWNERSHIP FREE ACCESS FREE TRADE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS GDP GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL GLOBAL INTEGRATION GLOBALIZATION GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HARMONIZATION IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT DUTIES INCOME INCOMES INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INSPECTION INSURANCE INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT BARRIERS INVESTMENT CLIMATE KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS LAND TRANSPORT LEGAL FRAMEWORK LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LOCALIZATION LOSS OF TARIFF REVENUE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY MARGINAL COST MARGINAL COSTS MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL REVENUE MARKET ACCESS MARKET SHARE MARKET SHARES MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION MULTILATERAL TRADE MULTINATIONAL FIRMS OPEN ECONOMIES OPEN ECONOMY OPENNESS OPTIMAL TARIFFS OPTIMIZATION OUTPUT PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENT PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS PREFERENTIAL REDUCTION PREFERENTIAL TARIFF PREFERENTIAL TRADE PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PREFERENTIAL TRADE AREAS PRICE INDEX PRIMARY FACTORS PRIMARY FACTORS OF PRODUCTION PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCTION COSTS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES RAILROAD RAILWAY RAILWAYS RATE OF RETURN RATE OF RETURN ON CAPITAL REAL ESTATE REDUCTION OF BARRIERS REGIONAL INTEGRATION REGIONAL TRADE REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS REGIONALISM REGULATORY BARRIERS REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT REGULATORY REGIMES RETURNS TO SCALE ROAD TRANSPORT RULES OF ORIGIN SAFETY SINGLE MARKET SMALL COUNTRIES SUPPLY CURVE SUPPLY CURVES TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF DATA TARIFF EQUIVALENCE TARIFF PREFERENCES TARIFF PROTECTION TARIFF RATE TARIFF RATES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REVENUE TAX TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TELECOMMUNICATIONS TERMS OF TRADE TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS THIRD WORLD TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE DIVERSION TRADE DIVERSION COSTS TRADE FACILITATION TRADE FLOW DATA TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE PARTNERS TRADE PATTERNS TRADE POLICY TRADE REFORM TRANSITION ECONOMIES TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSMISSION OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES TRANSPORT SERVICES TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION COSTS TRANSPORTATION SERVICES TRUCKS TRUE UNIFORM TARIFFS UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION UNILATERAL REFORM URUGUAY ROUND VARIABLE COSTS VEHICLE WELFARE GAINS WELFARE IMPACTS WELFARE LOSS WORLD ECONOMY WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO ZERO PROFITS ZERO TARIFFS |
| spellingShingle |
ADVANCED COUNTRIES AGRICULTURE AIR AIR TRANSPORT BANKING SERVICES BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENCHMARK EQUILIBRIUM CAPITAL GOOD CAPITAL STOCK CENTRAL ELASTICITY COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF TRANSFORMATION CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE COST REDUCTION COST STRUCTURE COST STRUCTURES COUNTRY OF ORIGIN CUSTOMS UNION DEMAND CURVE DEMAND CURVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT INTENSITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRODUCTION ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATES ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS LITERATURE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY ELASTICITY VALUES EQUILIBRIUM EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTERS EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITY FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FEDERAL RESERVE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIRM PERFORMANCE FIXED RATE FOOD INDUSTRY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN GOODS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN OWNERSHIP FREE ACCESS FREE TRADE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS GDP GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL GLOBAL INTEGRATION GLOBALIZATION GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HARMONIZATION IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT DUTIES INCOME INCOMES INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INSPECTION INSURANCE INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT BARRIERS INVESTMENT CLIMATE KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS LAND TRANSPORT LEGAL FRAMEWORK LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LOCALIZATION LOSS OF TARIFF REVENUE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY MARGINAL COST MARGINAL COSTS MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL REVENUE MARKET ACCESS MARKET SHARE MARKET SHARES MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION MULTILATERAL TRADE MULTINATIONAL FIRMS OPEN ECONOMIES OPEN ECONOMY OPENNESS OPTIMAL TARIFFS OPTIMIZATION OUTPUT PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENT PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS PREFERENTIAL REDUCTION PREFERENTIAL TARIFF PREFERENTIAL TRADE PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PREFERENTIAL TRADE AREAS PRICE INDEX PRIMARY FACTORS PRIMARY FACTORS OF PRODUCTION PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCTION COSTS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES RAILROAD RAILWAY RAILWAYS RATE OF RETURN RATE OF RETURN ON CAPITAL REAL ESTATE REDUCTION OF BARRIERS REGIONAL INTEGRATION REGIONAL TRADE REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS REGIONALISM REGULATORY BARRIERS REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT REGULATORY REGIMES RETURNS TO SCALE ROAD TRANSPORT RULES OF ORIGIN SAFETY SINGLE MARKET SMALL COUNTRIES SUPPLY CURVE SUPPLY CURVES TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF DATA TARIFF EQUIVALENCE TARIFF PREFERENCES TARIFF PROTECTION TARIFF RATE TARIFF RATES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REVENUE TAX TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TELECOMMUNICATIONS TERMS OF TRADE TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS THIRD WORLD TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE DIVERSION TRADE DIVERSION COSTS TRADE FACILITATION TRADE FLOW DATA TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE PARTNERS TRADE PATTERNS TRADE POLICY TRADE REFORM TRANSITION ECONOMIES TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSMISSION OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES TRANSPORT SERVICES TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION COSTS TRANSPORTATION SERVICES TRUCKS TRUE UNIFORM TARIFFS UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION UNILATERAL REFORM URUGUAY ROUND VARIABLE COSTS VEHICLE WELFARE GAINS WELFARE IMPACTS WELFARE LOSS WORLD ECONOMY WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO ZERO PROFITS ZERO TARIFFS Jensen, Jesper Tarr, David G. Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization |
| geographic_facet |
Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia Eastern Europe Commonwealth of Independent States Asia Armenia |
| relation |
Paper is funded by the Knowledge for Change
Program (KCP),Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5662 |
| description |
This paper develops an innovative 21
sector computable general equilibrium model of Armenia to
assess the impact on Armenia of a Deep and Comprehensive
Free Trade Agreement with the European Union, as well as
further regional or multilateral trade policy commitments.
The analysis finds that such an agreement with the European
Union will likely result in substantial gains to Armenia,
but shows that the gains derive from the deep aspects of the
agreement. In order of importance, the sources of the gains
are: (i) trade facilitation and reduction in border costs;
(ii) services liberalization; and (iii) standards
harmonization. A shallow agreement with the European Union
that focuses only on preferential tariff liberalization in
goods will likely lead to small losses to Armenia primarily
due to a loss of productivity from lost varieties of
technologies from the rest of the world region in
manufactured products. Additional gains can be expected in
the long run from an improvement in the investment climate.
The authors estimate only small gains from a services
agreement with countries of the Commonwealth of Independent
States, but significant gains from expanding services
liberalization multilaterally. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Jensen, Jesper Tarr, David G. |
| author_facet |
Jensen, Jesper Tarr, David G. |
| author_sort |
Jensen, Jesper |
| title |
Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization |
| title_short |
Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization |
| title_full |
Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization |
| title_fullStr |
Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization |
| title_sort |
deep trade policy options for armenia : the importance of services, trade facilitation and standards liberalization |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110518082525 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3425 |
| _version_ |
1764386977025622016 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-34252021-04-23T14:02:09Z Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization Jensen, Jesper Tarr, David G. ADVANCED COUNTRIES AGRICULTURE AIR AIR TRANSPORT BANKING SERVICES BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENCHMARK EQUILIBRIUM CAPITAL GOOD CAPITAL STOCK CENTRAL ELASTICITY COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF TRANSFORMATION CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE COST REDUCTION COST STRUCTURE COST STRUCTURES COUNTRY OF ORIGIN CUSTOMS UNION DEMAND CURVE DEMAND CURVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT INTENSITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRODUCTION ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATES ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS LITERATURE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY ELASTICITY VALUES EQUILIBRIUM EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTERS EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITY FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FEDERAL RESERVE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIRM PERFORMANCE FIXED RATE FOOD INDUSTRY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN GOODS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN OWNERSHIP FREE ACCESS FREE TRADE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS GDP GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL GLOBAL INTEGRATION GLOBALIZATION GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HARMONIZATION IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT DUTIES INCOME INCOMES INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INSPECTION INSURANCE INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT BARRIERS INVESTMENT CLIMATE KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS LAND TRANSPORT LEGAL FRAMEWORK LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LOCALIZATION LOSS OF TARIFF REVENUE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY MARGINAL COST MARGINAL COSTS MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL REVENUE MARKET ACCESS MARKET SHARE MARKET SHARES MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION MULTILATERAL TRADE MULTINATIONAL FIRMS OPEN ECONOMIES OPEN ECONOMY OPENNESS OPTIMAL TARIFFS OPTIMIZATION OUTPUT PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENT PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS PREFERENTIAL REDUCTION PREFERENTIAL TARIFF PREFERENTIAL TRADE PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PREFERENTIAL TRADE AREAS PRICE INDEX PRIMARY FACTORS PRIMARY FACTORS OF PRODUCTION PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCTION COSTS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES RAILROAD RAILWAY RAILWAYS RATE OF RETURN RATE OF RETURN ON CAPITAL REAL ESTATE REDUCTION OF BARRIERS REGIONAL INTEGRATION REGIONAL TRADE REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS REGIONALISM REGULATORY BARRIERS REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT REGULATORY REGIMES RETURNS TO SCALE ROAD TRANSPORT RULES OF ORIGIN SAFETY SINGLE MARKET SMALL COUNTRIES SUPPLY CURVE SUPPLY CURVES TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF DATA TARIFF EQUIVALENCE TARIFF PREFERENCES TARIFF PROTECTION TARIFF RATE TARIFF RATES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REVENUE TAX TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TELECOMMUNICATIONS TERMS OF TRADE TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS THIRD WORLD TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE DIVERSION TRADE DIVERSION COSTS TRADE FACILITATION TRADE FLOW DATA TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE PARTNERS TRADE PATTERNS TRADE POLICY TRADE REFORM TRANSITION ECONOMIES TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSMISSION OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES TRANSPORT SERVICES TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION COSTS TRANSPORTATION SERVICES TRUCKS TRUE UNIFORM TARIFFS UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION UNILATERAL REFORM URUGUAY ROUND VARIABLE COSTS VEHICLE WELFARE GAINS WELFARE IMPACTS WELFARE LOSS WORLD ECONOMY WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO ZERO PROFITS ZERO TARIFFS This paper develops an innovative 21 sector computable general equilibrium model of Armenia to assess the impact on Armenia of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the European Union, as well as further regional or multilateral trade policy commitments. The analysis finds that such an agreement with the European Union will likely result in substantial gains to Armenia, but shows that the gains derive from the deep aspects of the agreement. In order of importance, the sources of the gains are: (i) trade facilitation and reduction in border costs; (ii) services liberalization; and (iii) standards harmonization. A shallow agreement with the European Union that focuses only on preferential tariff liberalization in goods will likely lead to small losses to Armenia primarily due to a loss of productivity from lost varieties of technologies from the rest of the world region in manufactured products. Additional gains can be expected in the long run from an improvement in the investment climate. The authors estimate only small gains from a services agreement with countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, but significant gains from expanding services liberalization multilaterally. 2012-03-19T18:02:14Z 2012-03-19T18:02:14Z 2011-05-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110518082525 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3425 English Paper is funded by the Knowledge for Change Program (KCP),Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5662 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia Eastern Europe Commonwealth of Independent States Asia Armenia |