Toward a Sustainable Global Energy Supply Infrastructure : Net Energy Balance and Density Considerations

This paper complements previous work on the economics of different energy resources by examining the growth potential of alternative electricity supply infrastructures as constrained by innate physical limits. Coal-fired generation meets the criter...

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Main Authors:	Kessides, Ioannis N., Wade, David C.
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	AIR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ALTERNATIVE FUELS ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ALTITUDE ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE WARMING ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AVAILABILITY CALCULATION CAPACITY FACTOR CAPACITY FACTORS CARBON CARBON CAPTURE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CARBON ECONOMY CARBON EMISSION CARBON FOOTPRINT CARBON INTENSITY CARBON SUPPLY CLEAN COAL CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY CLIMATE POLICY CLOUD COVER CO CO2 COAL COAL RESERVES COAL TECHNOLOGIES COMBUSTION CONVENTIONAL FOSSIL FUELS CONVENTIONAL FUELS CONVENTIONAL OIL CONVERGENCE CONVERSION PROCESS COST OF ENERGY ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY GENERATION ELECTRICITY GENERATION CAPACITY ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ELECTRICITY SUPPLY EMISSION EMISSIONS FROM COAL END USE END USER ENERGY ANALYSIS ENERGY CARRIER ENERGY CARRIERS ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY COSTS ENERGY ECONOMICS ENERGY EXTRACTION ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE ENERGY INPUT ENERGY INVESTMENTS ENERGY MARKETS ENERGY MIX ENERGY OUTLOOK ENERGY OUTPUT ENERGY PERFORMANCE ENERGY POLICY ENERGY PROBLEM ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ENERGY RESOURCES ENERGY SOURCE ENERGY SOURCES ENERGY SYSTEMS ENERGY USE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS EVAPORATION EXCESS CAPACITY FOSSIL FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL POLLUTANTS FOSSIL FUEL RESOURCES FOSSIL FUELS FOSSIL-FUEL FUEL FUEL EXTRACTION FUEL USE GAS PLANTS GAS RESERVES GAS TURBINE GASES GENERATING CAPACITY GENERATION GENERATION SYSTEMS GHG GLOBAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND GLOBAL ENERGY MIX GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY GOLD GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION GROWTH IN ENERGY DEMAND HEAT HEAVY METALS HIGH ENERGY DENSITY HIGHER ENERGY DENSITY HOT WATER HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY HYDROELECTRIC POWER HYDROPOWER INSOLATION INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY IRON KINETIC ENERGY LARGE WIND FARMS LIQUID FUELS LIVING STANDARDS LNG LOAD FACTOR LOW-CARBON MERCURY MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES NATIONAL ENERGY DEMAND NATURAL GAS NET ENERGY BALANCE NEW PLANT NEW PLANTS NITROGEN NITROGEN OXIDES NUCLEAR ENERGY NUCLEAR PLANTS NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER PLANT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS NUCLEAR REACTORS NUCLEAR SAFETY OIL OIL EQUIVALENT OIL GAS COAL OIL SANDS PARTICULATE PARTICULATE MATTER PETROLEUM PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS PHOTOVOLTAICS PHYSICS PLANT PERFORMANCE POLLUTANTS POWER GENERATION POWER GENERATION CAPACITY POWER PLANTS POWER PRODUCTION POWER RATING POWER STATION POWER SYSTEMS PRECIPITATION PRICE VOLATILITY PRIMARY ENERGY PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE RAIN RAINFALL RAINWATER RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM RENEWABLE GENERATION RENEWABLE RESOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES SILICON SINK SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION SOLAR PANELS SOLAR POWER SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR RESOURCE SOLAR RESOURCES SOURCE OF ENERGY SULFUR SULFUR DIOXIDE SUNLIGHT SUNSHINE SURPLUS ENERGY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE ENERGY THERMODYNAMICS TRANSPORT SECTOR URANIUM URANIUM RESOURCES WASTE WASTE DISPOSAL WIND WIND ENERGY WIND FARM WIND FARMS WIND PENETRATION WIND POWER WIND POWER SYSTEMS WIND SPEED WIND TURBINE WIND TURBINES WINDMILL WINDMILLS WORLD ENERGY WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL WORLD ENERGY MARKETS WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110118143248 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3311

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repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	AIR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ALTERNATIVE FUELS ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ALTITUDE ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE WARMING ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AVAILABILITY CALCULATION CAPACITY FACTOR CAPACITY FACTORS CARBON CARBON CAPTURE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CARBON ECONOMY CARBON EMISSION CARBON FOOTPRINT CARBON INTENSITY CARBON SUPPLY CLEAN COAL CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY CLIMATE POLICY CLOUD COVER CO CO2 COAL COAL RESERVES COAL TECHNOLOGIES COMBUSTION CONVENTIONAL FOSSIL FUELS CONVENTIONAL FUELS CONVENTIONAL OIL CONVERGENCE CONVERSION PROCESS COST OF ENERGY ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY GENERATION ELECTRICITY GENERATION CAPACITY ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ELECTRICITY SUPPLY EMISSION EMISSIONS FROM COAL END USE END USER ENERGY ANALYSIS ENERGY CARRIER ENERGY CARRIERS ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY COSTS ENERGY ECONOMICS ENERGY EXTRACTION ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE ENERGY INPUT ENERGY INVESTMENTS ENERGY MARKETS ENERGY MIX ENERGY OUTLOOK ENERGY OUTPUT ENERGY PERFORMANCE ENERGY POLICY ENERGY PROBLEM ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ENERGY RESOURCES ENERGY SOURCE ENERGY SOURCES ENERGY SYSTEMS ENERGY USE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS EVAPORATION EXCESS CAPACITY FOSSIL FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL POLLUTANTS FOSSIL FUEL RESOURCES FOSSIL FUELS FOSSIL-FUEL FUEL FUEL EXTRACTION FUEL USE GAS PLANTS GAS RESERVES GAS TURBINE GASES GENERATING CAPACITY GENERATION GENERATION SYSTEMS GHG GLOBAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND GLOBAL ENERGY MIX GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY GOLD GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION GROWTH IN ENERGY DEMAND HEAT HEAVY METALS HIGH ENERGY DENSITY HIGHER ENERGY DENSITY HOT WATER HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY HYDROELECTRIC POWER HYDROPOWER INSOLATION INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY IRON KINETIC ENERGY LARGE WIND FARMS LIQUID FUELS LIVING STANDARDS LNG LOAD FACTOR LOW-CARBON MERCURY MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES NATIONAL ENERGY DEMAND NATURAL GAS NET ENERGY BALANCE NEW PLANT NEW PLANTS NITROGEN NITROGEN OXIDES NUCLEAR ENERGY NUCLEAR PLANTS NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER PLANT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS NUCLEAR REACTORS NUCLEAR SAFETY OIL OIL EQUIVALENT OIL GAS COAL OIL SANDS PARTICULATE PARTICULATE MATTER PETROLEUM PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS PHOTOVOLTAICS PHYSICS PLANT PERFORMANCE POLLUTANTS POWER GENERATION POWER GENERATION CAPACITY POWER PLANTS POWER PRODUCTION POWER RATING POWER STATION POWER SYSTEMS PRECIPITATION PRICE VOLATILITY PRIMARY ENERGY PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE RAIN RAINFALL RAINWATER RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM RENEWABLE GENERATION RENEWABLE RESOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES SILICON SINK SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION SOLAR PANELS SOLAR POWER SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR RESOURCE SOLAR RESOURCES SOURCE OF ENERGY SULFUR SULFUR DIOXIDE SUNLIGHT SUNSHINE SURPLUS ENERGY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE ENERGY THERMODYNAMICS TRANSPORT SECTOR URANIUM URANIUM RESOURCES WASTE WASTE DISPOSAL WIND WIND ENERGY WIND FARM WIND FARMS WIND PENETRATION WIND POWER WIND POWER SYSTEMS WIND SPEED WIND TURBINE WIND TURBINES WINDMILL WINDMILLS WORLD ENERGY WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL WORLD ENERGY MARKETS WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
spellingShingle	AIR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ALTERNATIVE FUELS ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ALTITUDE ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE WARMING ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AVAILABILITY CALCULATION CAPACITY FACTOR CAPACITY FACTORS CARBON CARBON CAPTURE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CARBON ECONOMY CARBON EMISSION CARBON FOOTPRINT CARBON INTENSITY CARBON SUPPLY CLEAN COAL CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY CLIMATE POLICY CLOUD COVER CO CO2 COAL COAL RESERVES COAL TECHNOLOGIES COMBUSTION CONVENTIONAL FOSSIL FUELS CONVENTIONAL FUELS CONVENTIONAL OIL CONVERGENCE CONVERSION PROCESS COST OF ENERGY ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY GENERATION ELECTRICITY GENERATION CAPACITY ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ELECTRICITY SUPPLY EMISSION EMISSIONS FROM COAL END USE END USER ENERGY ANALYSIS ENERGY CARRIER ENERGY CARRIERS ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY COSTS ENERGY ECONOMICS ENERGY EXTRACTION ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE ENERGY INPUT ENERGY INVESTMENTS ENERGY MARKETS ENERGY MIX ENERGY OUTLOOK ENERGY OUTPUT ENERGY PERFORMANCE ENERGY POLICY ENERGY PROBLEM ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ENERGY RESOURCES ENERGY SOURCE ENERGY SOURCES ENERGY SYSTEMS ENERGY USE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS EVAPORATION EXCESS CAPACITY FOSSIL FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL POLLUTANTS FOSSIL FUEL RESOURCES FOSSIL FUELS FOSSIL-FUEL FUEL FUEL EXTRACTION FUEL USE GAS PLANTS GAS RESERVES GAS TURBINE GASES GENERATING CAPACITY GENERATION GENERATION SYSTEMS GHG GLOBAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND GLOBAL ENERGY MIX GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY GOLD GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION GROWTH IN ENERGY DEMAND HEAT HEAVY METALS HIGH ENERGY DENSITY HIGHER ENERGY DENSITY HOT WATER HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY HYDROELECTRIC POWER HYDROPOWER INSOLATION INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY IRON KINETIC ENERGY LARGE WIND FARMS LIQUID FUELS LIVING STANDARDS LNG LOAD FACTOR LOW-CARBON MERCURY MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES NATIONAL ENERGY DEMAND NATURAL GAS NET ENERGY BALANCE NEW PLANT NEW PLANTS NITROGEN NITROGEN OXIDES NUCLEAR ENERGY NUCLEAR PLANTS NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER PLANT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS NUCLEAR REACTORS NUCLEAR SAFETY OIL OIL EQUIVALENT OIL GAS COAL OIL SANDS PARTICULATE PARTICULATE MATTER PETROLEUM PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS PHOTOVOLTAICS PHYSICS PLANT PERFORMANCE POLLUTANTS POWER GENERATION POWER GENERATION CAPACITY POWER PLANTS POWER PRODUCTION POWER RATING POWER STATION POWER SYSTEMS PRECIPITATION PRICE VOLATILITY PRIMARY ENERGY PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE RAIN RAINFALL RAINWATER RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM RENEWABLE GENERATION RENEWABLE RESOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES SILICON SINK SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION SOLAR PANELS SOLAR POWER SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR RESOURCE SOLAR RESOURCES SOURCE OF ENERGY SULFUR SULFUR DIOXIDE SUNLIGHT SUNSHINE SURPLUS ENERGY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE ENERGY THERMODYNAMICS TRANSPORT SECTOR URANIUM URANIUM RESOURCES WASTE WASTE DISPOSAL WIND WIND ENERGY WIND FARM WIND FARMS WIND PENETRATION WIND POWER WIND POWER SYSTEMS WIND SPEED WIND TURBINE WIND TURBINES WINDMILL WINDMILLS WORLD ENERGY WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL WORLD ENERGY MARKETS WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK Kessides, Ioannis N. Wade, David C. Toward a Sustainable Global Energy Supply Infrastructure : Net Energy Balance and Density Considerations
geographic_facet	The World Region The World Region
relation	Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5539
description	This paper complements previous work on the economics of different energy resources by examining the growth potential of alternative electricity supply infrastructures as constrained by innate physical limits. Coal-fired generation meets the criteria of longevity (abundance of energy source) and scalability (effective capability to expand to the multi-terawatt level) which are critical for a sustainable energy supply chain, but it carries a very heavy carbon footprint. Renewables and nuclear power meet both the longevity and climate friendliness criteria. However, they vary in terms of their ability to deliver net energy at a scale needed for meeting a huge global energy demand. The low density of renewable resources for electricity generation and the current intermittency of many renewables limit their ability to achieve high rates of growth. And a significant global increase in nuclear power deployment could engender serious risks related to proliferation, safety, and waste disposal. Unlike renewable sources of energy, nuclear power is an unforgiving technology because human lapses and errors can have ecological and social impacts that are catastrophic and irreversible. The transition to a low carbon economy is likely to prove much more challenging than some optimists have claimed.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Kessides, Ioannis N. Wade, David C.
author_facet	Kessides, Ioannis N. Wade, David C.
author_sort	Kessides, Ioannis N.
title	Toward a Sustainable Global Energy Supply Infrastructure : Net Energy Balance and Density Considerations
title_short	Toward a Sustainable Global Energy Supply Infrastructure : Net Energy Balance and Density Considerations
title_full	Toward a Sustainable Global Energy Supply Infrastructure : Net Energy Balance and Density Considerations
title_fullStr	Toward a Sustainable Global Energy Supply Infrastructure : Net Energy Balance and Density Considerations
title_full_unstemmed	Toward a Sustainable Global Energy Supply Infrastructure : Net Energy Balance and Density Considerations
title_sort	toward a sustainable global energy supply infrastructure : net energy balance and density considerations
publishDate	2012
url	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110118143248 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3311
_version_	1764386776638554112
spelling	okr-10986-33112021-04-23T14:02:08Z Toward a Sustainable Global Energy Supply Infrastructure : Net Energy Balance and Density Considerations Kessides, Ioannis N. Wade, David C. AIR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ALTERNATIVE FUELS ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ALTITUDE ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE WARMING ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AVAILABILITY CALCULATION CAPACITY FACTOR CAPACITY FACTORS CARBON CARBON CAPTURE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CARBON ECONOMY CARBON EMISSION CARBON FOOTPRINT CARBON INTENSITY CARBON SUPPLY CLEAN COAL CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY CLIMATE POLICY CLOUD COVER CO CO2 COAL COAL RESERVES COAL TECHNOLOGIES COMBUSTION CONVENTIONAL FOSSIL FUELS CONVENTIONAL FUELS CONVENTIONAL OIL CONVERGENCE CONVERSION PROCESS COST OF ENERGY ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY GENERATION ELECTRICITY GENERATION CAPACITY ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ELECTRICITY SUPPLY EMISSION EMISSIONS FROM COAL END USE END USER ENERGY ANALYSIS ENERGY CARRIER ENERGY CARRIERS ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY COSTS ENERGY ECONOMICS ENERGY EXTRACTION ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE ENERGY INPUT ENERGY INVESTMENTS ENERGY MARKETS ENERGY MIX ENERGY OUTLOOK ENERGY OUTPUT ENERGY PERFORMANCE ENERGY POLICY ENERGY PROBLEM ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ENERGY RESOURCES ENERGY SOURCE ENERGY SOURCES ENERGY SYSTEMS ENERGY USE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS EVAPORATION EXCESS CAPACITY FOSSIL FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL POLLUTANTS FOSSIL FUEL RESOURCES FOSSIL FUELS FOSSIL-FUEL FUEL FUEL EXTRACTION FUEL USE GAS PLANTS GAS RESERVES GAS TURBINE GASES GENERATING CAPACITY GENERATION GENERATION SYSTEMS GHG GLOBAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND GLOBAL ENERGY MIX GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY GOLD GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION GROWTH IN ENERGY DEMAND HEAT HEAVY METALS HIGH ENERGY DENSITY HIGHER ENERGY DENSITY HOT WATER HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY HYDROELECTRIC POWER HYDROPOWER INSOLATION INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY IRON KINETIC ENERGY LARGE WIND FARMS LIQUID FUELS LIVING STANDARDS LNG LOAD FACTOR LOW-CARBON MERCURY MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES NATIONAL ENERGY DEMAND NATURAL GAS NET ENERGY BALANCE NEW PLANT NEW PLANTS NITROGEN NITROGEN OXIDES NUCLEAR ENERGY NUCLEAR PLANTS NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER PLANT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS NUCLEAR REACTORS NUCLEAR SAFETY OIL OIL EQUIVALENT OIL GAS COAL OIL SANDS PARTICULATE PARTICULATE MATTER PETROLEUM PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS PHOTOVOLTAICS PHYSICS PLANT PERFORMANCE POLLUTANTS POWER GENERATION POWER GENERATION CAPACITY POWER PLANTS POWER PRODUCTION POWER RATING POWER STATION POWER SYSTEMS PRECIPITATION PRICE VOLATILITY PRIMARY ENERGY PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE RAIN RAINFALL RAINWATER RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM RENEWABLE GENERATION RENEWABLE RESOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES SILICON SINK SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION SOLAR PANELS SOLAR POWER SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR RESOURCE SOLAR RESOURCES SOURCE OF ENERGY SULFUR SULFUR DIOXIDE SUNLIGHT SUNSHINE SURPLUS ENERGY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE ENERGY THERMODYNAMICS TRANSPORT SECTOR URANIUM URANIUM RESOURCES WASTE WASTE DISPOSAL WIND WIND ENERGY WIND FARM WIND FARMS WIND PENETRATION WIND POWER WIND POWER SYSTEMS WIND SPEED WIND TURBINE WIND TURBINES WINDMILL WINDMILLS WORLD ENERGY WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL WORLD ENERGY MARKETS WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK This paper complements previous work on the economics of different energy resources by examining the growth potential of alternative electricity supply infrastructures as constrained by innate physical limits. Coal-fired generation meets the criteria of longevity (abundance of energy source) and scalability (effective capability to expand to the multi-terawatt level) which are critical for a sustainable energy supply chain, but it carries a very heavy carbon footprint. Renewables and nuclear power meet both the longevity and climate friendliness criteria. However, they vary in terms of their ability to deliver net energy at a scale needed for meeting a huge global energy demand. The low density of renewable resources for electricity generation and the current intermittency of many renewables limit their ability to achieve high rates of growth. And a significant global increase in nuclear power deployment could engender serious risks related to proliferation, safety, and waste disposal. Unlike renewable sources of energy, nuclear power is an unforgiving technology because human lapses and errors can have ecological and social impacts that are catastrophic and irreversible. The transition to a low carbon economy is likely to prove much more challenging than some optimists have claimed. 2012-03-19T18:00:03Z 2012-03-19T18:00:03Z 2011-01-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110118143248 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3311 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5539 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper The World Region The World Region

Toward a Sustainable Global Energy Supply Infrastructure : Net Energy Balance and Density Considerations

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