Soil Endowments, Production Technologies and Missing Women in India

The female population deficit in India has been explained in a number of ways, but the great heterogeneity in the deficit across districts within India still remains an open question. This paper argues that across India, a largely agrarian economy,...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Carranza, Eliana
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	AGE AT MARRIAGE AGE GROUP AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL INPUTS AGRICULTURAL LABOR AGRICULTURAL LABORERS AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURE AGRONOMY ALKALINE SOILS ANIMALS ARABLE SOILS CHILD SURVIVAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS COMPENSATION CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING CROP CROP PRODUCTION CROP YIELD CROP YIELDS CROPPING CROPPING PATTERNS CROPS CULTIVATED LAND CULTIVATION CULTURAL CHANGE CULTURAL PRACTICES CULTURAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISAGGREGATED ANALYSIS DISCRIMINATION ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTCOME ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FARM FARMING FARMING SYSTEMS FEMALE CHILDREN FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE MORTALITY FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY DECLINE FERTILIZER GENDER BIAS GENDER GAP GENDER ROLES GRAINS HARVESTERS HEAVY SOILS HETEROGENEITY HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMMIGRANTS INFANT INFORMATION ON POPULATION INVENTORY IRRIGATION KINSHIP KINSHIP STRUCTURE LABOR BUREAU LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR INTENSITY LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABORERS LAND MANAGEMENT LAND OWNERSHIP LAND USE LAND USE PLANNING LANDS MALE WORKERS MIGRATION NATURAL RESOURCES NUMBER OF WORKERS OCCUPATION OPEN ACCESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OWNERSHIP OF LAND PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PESTICIDE PLACE OF RESIDENCE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT POPULATION STUDIES PRE-NATAL SEX SELECTION PRODUCE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PUBLIC POLICY RICE RICE CULTIVATION RURAL AREAS RURAL DISTRICT RURAL LABOR RURAL POPULATION RURAL POVERTY RURAL WOMEN RURAL WORKERS SEED SEEDBED PREPARATION SEX SEX RATIO SEX RATIOS SOCIAL STATUS SOCIAL STATUS OF WOMEN SOIL SOIL FERTILITY SOIL QUALITY SOIL TYPE SOILS SON PREFERENCE SOWING TEA TILLAGE TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL WORKERS TRANSPLANTING UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN AREAS WAGE SECTOR WAGES WAR WEEDS WHEAT WOMAN WOMEN IN LABOR WORK FORCE
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20120222094240 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3260

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Summary:	The female population deficit in India has been explained in a number of ways, but the great heterogeneity in the deficit across districts within India still remains an open question. This paper argues that across India, a largely agrarian economy, soil texture varies exogenously and determines the workability of the soil and the technology used in land preparation. Deep tillage, possible only in lighter and looser loamy soils, reduces the use of labor in cultivation tasks performed by women and has a negative impact on the relative value of girls to a household. The analysis finds that soil texture explains a large part of the variation in women's relative participation in agriculture and in infant sex ratios across districts in India.

Soil Endowments, Production Technologies and Missing Women in India

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