Gender Differences in Time Use : Allocating Time between the Market and the Household
Important progress toward gender equality has been made in the past decades, but inequalities linked to gender norms, stereotypes, and the unequal distribution of housework and childcare responsibilities persist. Lifetime events such as marriage an...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
World Bank, Washington, DC
2019
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/555711565793045322/Gender-Differences-in-Time-Use-Allocating-Time-between-the-Market-and-the-Household http://hdl.handle.net/10986/32274 |
| Summary: | Important progress toward gender
equality has been made in the past decades, but inequalities
linked to gender norms, stereotypes, and the unequal
distribution of housework and childcare responsibilities
persist. Lifetime events such as marriage and parenthood
bring substantial changes in time use among women and men.
This paper updates and reinforces the findings of previous
studies by analyzing gender differences in the allocation of
time among market work and unpaid domestic work. Results
from the analysis of time use patterns in 19 countries of
different income levels and from various regions suggest
that women specialize in unpaid domestic and care work and
men specialize in market work. The paper employs propensity
score matching to assess the marriage and parenthood
"penalty" on time use patterns over the lifecycle.
The findings indicate that women of prime working age are
the most penalized on a host of measures, including labor
market participation, unpaid domestic work, and leisure
time. Men are not necessarily penalized for, and sometimes
benefit from, marriage or parenthood. |
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