Landlocked or Policy Locked? How Services Trade Protection Deepens Economic Isolation
A new cross-country database on services policy reveals a perverse pattern: many landlocked countries restrict trade in the very services that connect them with the rest of the world. On average, telecommunications and air-transport policies are si...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20120110105432 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3227 |
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okr-10986-3227 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ACCESSIBILITY ACCOUNTABILITY ACCOUNTING ADVERSE EFFECT ADVERSE IMPACT AIR AIR CARGO AIR FREIGHT AIR MOVEMENTS AIR PASSENGER AIR ROUTES AIR SERVICE AIR SERVICES AIR TRAFFIC AIR TRANSPORT AIR TRANSPORT SECTOR AIRCRAFT AIRPORT AIRPORT CONGESTION AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AIRPORTS AIRWAYS AVERAGE COSTS AVIATION POLICIES BARRIERS TO ENTRY BENCHMARK CARRIERS COMMON MARKET COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMER SURPLUS CONSUMERS CONTESTABILITY CORRUPTION COST FUNCTIONS COST OF TRANSPORTATION DECISION MAKERS DEMAND CURVE DEMAND ELASTICITIES DEMAND ELASTICITY DEMAND FUNCTION DEMAND FUNCTIONS DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRETION DISECONOMIES OF SCALE DOMESTIC AIR TRANSPORT DUOPOLY ECONOMETRIC ANALYSES ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC SIZE ECONOMIES OF SCALE FAIRS FLIGHT CONNECTIONS FREIGHT FREIGHT TRANSPORT FUEL FUEL PRICES FUTURE RESEARCH GDP GDP PER CAPITA GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS HIGH TRANSPORT INCOME LEVELS INEFFICIENCY INELASTIC DEMAND INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS INTERNATIONAL GATEWAYS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT INVESTIGATION LOBBYING MARGINAL COST MARGINAL REVENUE MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONCENTRATION MARKET ENTRY MARKET LIBERALIZATION MARKET POWER MARKET SHARE MARKET STRUCTURE MARKET STUDY MODE OF TRANSPORTATION MONOPOLY OLIGOPOLY PASSENGER TRAFFIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT PASSENGERS PER CAPITA INCOME POLICES POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL PROCESS POPULATION DENSITY POSITIVE EXTERNALITY PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND PRIVATIZATION RADIO RAIL RAIL TRANSPORT RAILWAY REGRESSION ANALYSIS REMEDY RETAIL RETAILING ROAD ROAD TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT SERVICES ROADS ROUTE ROUTES RUNWAY RUNWAYS SALE SALES SCALE EFFECT SEAT CAPACITY SERVICES MARKETS STRATEGIC COMPLEMENTARITY SUBSTITUTE SUNK COSTS SUPPLIER SUPPLIERS SUPPLY CHAIN SURPLUS TARIFF BARRIERS TAX TELECOM SECTOR TELECOM SERVICES TELECOMMUNICATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE TELECOMMUNICATIONS REFORM TELECOMMUNICATIONS REFORMS TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES TELEDENSITY TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRAFFIC TRANSIT TRANSPARENCY TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT ECONOMICS TRANSPORT MARKET TRANSPORT POLICIES TRANSPORT SECTOR TRANSPORT SERVICE TRANSPORT SERVICE PROVIDERS TRANSPORT SERVICES TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORTATION SERVICES TRUE URUGUAY ROUND VALUATION WTO |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESSIBILITY ACCOUNTABILITY ACCOUNTING ADVERSE EFFECT ADVERSE IMPACT AIR AIR CARGO AIR FREIGHT AIR MOVEMENTS AIR PASSENGER AIR ROUTES AIR SERVICE AIR SERVICES AIR TRAFFIC AIR TRANSPORT AIR TRANSPORT SECTOR AIRCRAFT AIRPORT AIRPORT CONGESTION AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AIRPORTS AIRWAYS AVERAGE COSTS AVIATION POLICIES BARRIERS TO ENTRY BENCHMARK CARRIERS COMMON MARKET COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMER SURPLUS CONSUMERS CONTESTABILITY CORRUPTION COST FUNCTIONS COST OF TRANSPORTATION DECISION MAKERS DEMAND CURVE DEMAND ELASTICITIES DEMAND ELASTICITY DEMAND FUNCTION DEMAND FUNCTIONS DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRETION DISECONOMIES OF SCALE DOMESTIC AIR TRANSPORT DUOPOLY ECONOMETRIC ANALYSES ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC SIZE ECONOMIES OF SCALE FAIRS FLIGHT CONNECTIONS FREIGHT FREIGHT TRANSPORT FUEL FUEL PRICES FUTURE RESEARCH GDP GDP PER CAPITA GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS HIGH TRANSPORT INCOME LEVELS INEFFICIENCY INELASTIC DEMAND INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS INTERNATIONAL GATEWAYS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT INVESTIGATION LOBBYING MARGINAL COST MARGINAL REVENUE MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONCENTRATION MARKET ENTRY MARKET LIBERALIZATION MARKET POWER MARKET SHARE MARKET STRUCTURE MARKET STUDY MODE OF TRANSPORTATION MONOPOLY OLIGOPOLY PASSENGER TRAFFIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT PASSENGERS PER CAPITA INCOME POLICES POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL PROCESS POPULATION DENSITY POSITIVE EXTERNALITY PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND PRIVATIZATION RADIO RAIL RAIL TRANSPORT RAILWAY REGRESSION ANALYSIS REMEDY RETAIL RETAILING ROAD ROAD TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT SERVICES ROADS ROUTE ROUTES RUNWAY RUNWAYS SALE SALES SCALE EFFECT SEAT CAPACITY SERVICES MARKETS STRATEGIC COMPLEMENTARITY SUBSTITUTE SUNK COSTS SUPPLIER SUPPLIERS SUPPLY CHAIN SURPLUS TARIFF BARRIERS TAX TELECOM SECTOR TELECOM SERVICES TELECOMMUNICATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE TELECOMMUNICATIONS REFORM TELECOMMUNICATIONS REFORMS TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES TELEDENSITY TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRAFFIC TRANSIT TRANSPARENCY TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT ECONOMICS TRANSPORT MARKET TRANSPORT POLICIES TRANSPORT SECTOR TRANSPORT SERVICE TRANSPORT SERVICE PROVIDERS TRANSPORT SERVICES TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORTATION SERVICES TRUE URUGUAY ROUND VALUATION WTO Borchert, Ingo Gootiiz, Batshur Grover, Arti Mattoo, Aaditya Landlocked or Policy Locked? How Services Trade Protection Deepens Economic Isolation |
| geographic_facet |
The World Region The World Region |
| relation |
Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5942 |
| description |
A new cross-country database on services
policy reveals a perverse pattern: many landlocked countries
restrict trade in the very services that connect them with
the rest of the world. On average, telecommunications and
air-transport policies are significantly more restrictive in
landlocked countries than elsewhere. The phenomenon is most
starkly visible in Sub-Saharan Africa and is associated with
lower levels of political accountability. This paper finds
evidence that these policies lead to more concentrated
market structures and more limited access to services than
these countries would otherwise have, even after taking into
account the influence of geography and incomes, and the
possibility that policy is endogenous. Even moderate
liberalization in these sectors could lead to an increase of
cellular subscriptions by 7 percentage points and a
20-percent increase in the number of flights. Policies in
other countries, industrial and developing alike, also limit
competition in international transport services. Hence,
"trade-facilitating" investments under various
"aid-for-trade" initiatives are likely to earn a
low return unless they are accompanied by meaningful reform
in these services sectors. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Borchert, Ingo Gootiiz, Batshur Grover, Arti Mattoo, Aaditya |
| author_facet |
Borchert, Ingo Gootiiz, Batshur Grover, Arti Mattoo, Aaditya |
| author_sort |
Borchert, Ingo |
| title |
Landlocked or Policy Locked? How Services Trade Protection Deepens
Economic Isolation |
| title_short |
Landlocked or Policy Locked? How Services Trade Protection Deepens
Economic Isolation |
| title_full |
Landlocked or Policy Locked? How Services Trade Protection Deepens
Economic Isolation |
| title_fullStr |
Landlocked or Policy Locked? How Services Trade Protection Deepens
Economic Isolation |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Landlocked or Policy Locked? How Services Trade Protection Deepens
Economic Isolation |
| title_sort |
landlocked or policy locked? how services trade protection deepens
economic isolation |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20120110105432 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3227 |
| _version_ |
1764386638700478464 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-32272021-04-23T14:02:08Z Landlocked or Policy Locked? How Services Trade Protection Deepens Economic Isolation Borchert, Ingo Gootiiz, Batshur Grover, Arti Mattoo, Aaditya ACCESSIBILITY ACCOUNTABILITY ACCOUNTING ADVERSE EFFECT ADVERSE IMPACT AIR AIR CARGO AIR FREIGHT AIR MOVEMENTS AIR PASSENGER AIR ROUTES AIR SERVICE AIR SERVICES AIR TRAFFIC AIR TRANSPORT AIR TRANSPORT SECTOR AIRCRAFT AIRPORT AIRPORT CONGESTION AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AIRPORTS AIRWAYS AVERAGE COSTS AVIATION POLICIES BARRIERS TO ENTRY BENCHMARK CARRIERS COMMON MARKET COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMER SURPLUS CONSUMERS CONTESTABILITY CORRUPTION COST FUNCTIONS COST OF TRANSPORTATION DECISION MAKERS DEMAND CURVE DEMAND ELASTICITIES DEMAND ELASTICITY DEMAND FUNCTION DEMAND FUNCTIONS DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRETION DISECONOMIES OF SCALE DOMESTIC AIR TRANSPORT DUOPOLY ECONOMETRIC ANALYSES ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC SIZE ECONOMIES OF SCALE FAIRS FLIGHT CONNECTIONS FREIGHT FREIGHT TRANSPORT FUEL FUEL PRICES FUTURE RESEARCH GDP GDP PER CAPITA GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS HIGH TRANSPORT INCOME LEVELS INEFFICIENCY INELASTIC DEMAND INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS INTERNATIONAL GATEWAYS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT INVESTIGATION LOBBYING MARGINAL COST MARGINAL REVENUE MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONCENTRATION MARKET ENTRY MARKET LIBERALIZATION MARKET POWER MARKET SHARE MARKET STRUCTURE MARKET STUDY MODE OF TRANSPORTATION MONOPOLY OLIGOPOLY PASSENGER TRAFFIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT PASSENGERS PER CAPITA INCOME POLICES POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL PROCESS POPULATION DENSITY POSITIVE EXTERNALITY PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND PRIVATIZATION RADIO RAIL RAIL TRANSPORT RAILWAY REGRESSION ANALYSIS REMEDY RETAIL RETAILING ROAD ROAD TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT SERVICES ROADS ROUTE ROUTES RUNWAY RUNWAYS SALE SALES SCALE EFFECT SEAT CAPACITY SERVICES MARKETS STRATEGIC COMPLEMENTARITY SUBSTITUTE SUNK COSTS SUPPLIER SUPPLIERS SUPPLY CHAIN SURPLUS TARIFF BARRIERS TAX TELECOM SECTOR TELECOM SERVICES TELECOMMUNICATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE TELECOMMUNICATIONS REFORM TELECOMMUNICATIONS REFORMS TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES TELEDENSITY TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRAFFIC TRANSIT TRANSPARENCY TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT ECONOMICS TRANSPORT MARKET TRANSPORT POLICIES TRANSPORT SECTOR TRANSPORT SERVICE TRANSPORT SERVICE PROVIDERS TRANSPORT SERVICES TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORTATION SERVICES TRUE URUGUAY ROUND VALUATION WTO A new cross-country database on services policy reveals a perverse pattern: many landlocked countries restrict trade in the very services that connect them with the rest of the world. On average, telecommunications and air-transport policies are significantly more restrictive in landlocked countries than elsewhere. The phenomenon is most starkly visible in Sub-Saharan Africa and is associated with lower levels of political accountability. This paper finds evidence that these policies lead to more concentrated market structures and more limited access to services than these countries would otherwise have, even after taking into account the influence of geography and incomes, and the possibility that policy is endogenous. Even moderate liberalization in these sectors could lead to an increase of cellular subscriptions by 7 percentage points and a 20-percent increase in the number of flights. Policies in other countries, industrial and developing alike, also limit competition in international transport services. Hence, "trade-facilitating" investments under various "aid-for-trade" initiatives are likely to earn a low return unless they are accompanied by meaningful reform in these services sectors. 2012-03-19T17:28:38Z 2012-03-19T17:28:38Z 2012-01-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20120110105432 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3227 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5942 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper The World Region The World Region |