Global Investment Costs for Coastal Defense through the 21st Century
Sea-level rise threatens low-lying areas around the world's coasts with increased coastal flooding during storms. One response to this challenge is to build or upgrade coastal flood defenses. This report examines the potential investment costs...
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2019
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/433981550240622188/Global-Investment-Costs-for-Coastal-Defense-through-the-21st-Century http://hdl.handle.net/10986/31308 |
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okr-10986-313082022-09-20T00:14:44Z Global Investment Costs for Coastal Defense through the 21st Century Nicholls, Robert J. Hinkel, Jochen Lincke, Daniel van der Pol, Thomas SEA-LEVEL RISE COASTAL FLOODING ADAPTATION CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION RISING SEA LEVELS COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION BARRIER FLOOD RISK Sea-level rise threatens low-lying areas around the world's coasts with increased coastal flooding during storms. One response to this challenge is to build or upgrade coastal flood defenses. This report examines the potential investment costs of such an adaptation strategy applied globally over the 21st century for sea-level rise scenarios consistent with three Representative Concentration Pathways and 3 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. For all the protection models considered, much less than half of the world's coast is protected. The total defense costs are significantly higher than earlier estimates, amounting to as much as US$18.3 trillion. With cost-benefit analysis, there are large uncertainties and empirical observations of protection standards are limited. Hence, the estimates should be considered as indicative, and this remains an important topic for future research. Further, building defenses is not a one-off capital investment. Over the 21st century, the cost of a comprehensive protection strategy is dominated by maintenance costs in all the cases considered in this report. This indicates that in addition to capital investment, the development of appropriate institutions and governance mechanisms to deliver maintenance, as well as the necessary funding streams, are essential for such a protection-based adaptation strategy to be effective. 2019-02-21T15:36:24Z 2019-02-21T15:36:24Z 2019-02 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/433981550240622188/Global-Investment-Costs-for-Coastal-Defense-through-the-21st-Century http://hdl.handle.net/10986/31308 English Policy Research Working Paper;No. 8745 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
SEA-LEVEL RISE COASTAL FLOODING ADAPTATION CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION RISING SEA LEVELS COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION BARRIER FLOOD RISK |
| spellingShingle |
SEA-LEVEL RISE COASTAL FLOODING ADAPTATION CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION RISING SEA LEVELS COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION BARRIER FLOOD RISK Nicholls, Robert J. Hinkel, Jochen Lincke, Daniel van der Pol, Thomas Global Investment Costs for Coastal Defense through the 21st Century |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 8745 |
| description |
Sea-level rise threatens low-lying areas
around the world's coasts with increased coastal
flooding during storms. One response to this challenge is to
build or upgrade coastal flood defenses. This report
examines the potential investment costs of such an
adaptation strategy applied globally over the 21st century
for sea-level rise scenarios consistent with three
Representative Concentration Pathways and 3 Shared
Socioeconomic Pathways. For all the protection models
considered, much less than half of the world's coast is
protected. The total defense costs are significantly higher
than earlier estimates, amounting to as much as US$18.3
trillion. With cost-benefit analysis, there are large
uncertainties and empirical observations of protection
standards are limited. Hence, the estimates should be
considered as indicative, and this remains an important
topic for future research. Further, building defenses is not
a one-off capital investment. Over the 21st century, the
cost of a comprehensive protection strategy is dominated by
maintenance costs in all the cases considered in this
report. This indicates that in addition to capital
investment, the development of appropriate institutions and
governance mechanisms to deliver maintenance, as well as the
necessary funding streams, are essential for such a
protection-based adaptation strategy to be effective. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| author |
Nicholls, Robert J. Hinkel, Jochen Lincke, Daniel van der Pol, Thomas |
| author_facet |
Nicholls, Robert J. Hinkel, Jochen Lincke, Daniel van der Pol, Thomas |
| author_sort |
Nicholls, Robert J. |
| title |
Global Investment Costs for Coastal Defense through the 21st Century |
| title_short |
Global Investment Costs for Coastal Defense through the 21st Century |
| title_full |
Global Investment Costs for Coastal Defense through the 21st Century |
| title_fullStr |
Global Investment Costs for Coastal Defense through the 21st Century |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Global Investment Costs for Coastal Defense through the 21st Century |
| title_sort |
global investment costs for coastal defense through the 21st century |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/433981550240622188/Global-Investment-Costs-for-Coastal-Defense-through-the-21st-Century http://hdl.handle.net/10986/31308 |
| _version_ |
1764474029390954496 |