Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade : Evidence from Agriculture

This paper empirically explores the political-economic determinants of why governments choose to tax or subsidize trade in agriculture. The authors use a new data set on nominal rates of assistance (NRA) across a number of commodities spanning the...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Gawande, Kishore, Hoekman, Bernard
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2017
Subjects:	AGRICULTURAL CONSUMPTION AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AGRICULTURAL MARKETS AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AGRICULTURAL POLICY AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE APPLES BARLEY BEEF CAPITAL INTENSITY CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL USE CASH CROPS COCOA COCONUT COFFEE COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMERS COTTON CROP DEFORESTATION DEMOCRACIES DEMOCRACY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRICE DOMESTIC PRICES ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMETRIC MODELS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC REFORMS ECONOMICS LITERATURE EGG EGGS EXPORTS FARM FARM INCOMES FARMER FARMERS FARMING FOOD CROPS FOOD IMPORTS FOOD POLICY FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD PRICES FOOD PRODUCTS FOOD STAPLES FRUIT FUTURE STUDIES GARLIC GDP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS GRAINS GROUNDNUT HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORT QUOTAS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES INDUSTRIALIZATION INEFFICIENCY INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL TRADE JUTE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LAND DEGRADATION LAND PRODUCTIVITY LIBERALIZATION LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MAIZE MARGINAL COST MARKET ACCESS MEAT MEDIAN VOTERS MILK MULCH MULTILATERAL TRADE NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OILSEEDS ORANGE OUTPUT RATIO OUTPUT RATIOS OUTPUTS PALM OIL PEAS PIG MEAT PLANTING POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION GROWTH PORK POTATO POULTRY PRICE DISTORTIONS PRICE FLUCTUATIONS PROCESSED FOODS PRODUCE PRODUCERS PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY OF LAND PROTECTIONISM PUBLIC POLICY RAPESEED REFORM PROGRAMS RICE RICH ONES RUBBER RURAL WORKERS RYE SESAME SHEEP MEAT SOIL FERTILITY SOYBEAN STAPLE FOODS SUBSIDIZATION SUGAR SUGAR SORGHUM SUNFLOWER SUNK COSTS TARIFF BARRIERS TAX TAX SYSTEMS TAXATION TEA TOBACCO TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE TAXES TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS URBANIZATION URUGUAY ROUND VALUE OF OUTPUT VARIABLE COSTS VEGETABLES VEGETATION WAGES WHEAT WINE WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS WORLD MARKETS WORLD TRADE WTO
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/393041468152708786/Why-governments-tax-or-subsidize-trade-evidence-from-agriculture http://hdl.handle.net/10986/28182

id	okr-10986-28182
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-281822021-04-23T14:04:45Z Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade : Evidence from Agriculture Gawande, Kishore Hoekman, Bernard AGRICULTURAL CONSUMPTION AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AGRICULTURAL MARKETS AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AGRICULTURAL POLICY AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE APPLES BARLEY BEEF CAPITAL INTENSITY CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL USE CASH CROPS COCOA COCONUT COFFEE COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMERS COTTON CROP DEFORESTATION DEMOCRACIES DEMOCRACY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRICE DOMESTIC PRICES ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMETRIC MODELS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC REFORMS ECONOMICS LITERATURE EGG EGGS EXPORTS FARM FARM INCOMES FARMER FARMERS FARMING FOOD CROPS FOOD IMPORTS FOOD POLICY FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD PRICES FOOD PRODUCTS FOOD STAPLES FRUIT FUTURE STUDIES GARLIC GDP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS GRAINS GROUNDNUT HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORT QUOTAS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES INDUSTRIALIZATION INEFFICIENCY INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL TRADE JUTE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LAND DEGRADATION LAND PRODUCTIVITY LIBERALIZATION LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MAIZE MARGINAL COST MARKET ACCESS MEAT MEDIAN VOTERS MILK MULCH MULTILATERAL TRADE NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OILSEEDS ORANGE OUTPUT RATIO OUTPUT RATIOS OUTPUTS PALM OIL PEAS PIG MEAT PLANTING POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION GROWTH PORK POTATO POULTRY PRICE DISTORTIONS PRICE FLUCTUATIONS PROCESSED FOODS PRODUCE PRODUCERS PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY OF LAND PROTECTIONISM PUBLIC POLICY RAPESEED REFORM PROGRAMS RICE RICH ONES RUBBER RURAL WORKERS RYE SESAME SHEEP MEAT SOIL FERTILITY SOYBEAN STAPLE FOODS SUBSIDIZATION SUGAR SUGAR SORGHUM SUNFLOWER SUNK COSTS TARIFF BARRIERS TAX TAX SYSTEMS TAXATION TEA TOBACCO TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE TAXES TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS URBANIZATION URUGUAY ROUND VALUE OF OUTPUT VARIABLE COSTS VEGETABLES VEGETATION WAGES WHEAT WINE WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS WORLD MARKETS WORLD TRADE WTO This paper empirically explores the political-economic determinants of why governments choose to tax or subsidize trade in agriculture. The authors use a new data set on nominal rates of assistance (NRA) across a number of commodities spanning the last five decades for 64 countries. NRAs measure the effect on domestic (relative to world) price of the quantitative and price-based instruments used to regulate agricultural markets. The data set admits consideration of both taxes and subsidies on exports and imports. The authors find that both economic and political variables play important roles in determining the within-variation in the NRA data. Based on results the authors offer a number of data-driven exploratory hypotheses that can inform future theoretical and empirical research on why governments choose to tax or subsidize agricultural products an important policy question that is also one of the least understood by scholars. 2017-09-07T18:17:55Z 2017-09-07T18:17:55Z 2009-05 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/393041468152708786/Why-governments-tax-or-subsidize-trade-evidence-from-agriculture http://hdl.handle.net/10986/28182 English en_US Agricultural Distortions Working Paper;85 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Working Paper Publications & Research
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	AGRICULTURAL CONSUMPTION AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AGRICULTURAL MARKETS AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AGRICULTURAL POLICY AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE APPLES BARLEY BEEF CAPITAL INTENSITY CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL USE CASH CROPS COCOA COCONUT COFFEE COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMERS COTTON CROP DEFORESTATION DEMOCRACIES DEMOCRACY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRICE DOMESTIC PRICES ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMETRIC MODELS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC REFORMS ECONOMICS LITERATURE EGG EGGS EXPORTS FARM FARM INCOMES FARMER FARMERS FARMING FOOD CROPS FOOD IMPORTS FOOD POLICY FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD PRICES FOOD PRODUCTS FOOD STAPLES FRUIT FUTURE STUDIES GARLIC GDP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS GRAINS GROUNDNUT HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORT QUOTAS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES INDUSTRIALIZATION INEFFICIENCY INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL TRADE JUTE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LAND DEGRADATION LAND PRODUCTIVITY LIBERALIZATION LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MAIZE MARGINAL COST MARKET ACCESS MEAT MEDIAN VOTERS MILK MULCH MULTILATERAL TRADE NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OILSEEDS ORANGE OUTPUT RATIO OUTPUT RATIOS OUTPUTS PALM OIL PEAS PIG MEAT PLANTING POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION GROWTH PORK POTATO POULTRY PRICE DISTORTIONS PRICE FLUCTUATIONS PROCESSED FOODS PRODUCE PRODUCERS PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY OF LAND PROTECTIONISM PUBLIC POLICY RAPESEED REFORM PROGRAMS RICE RICH ONES RUBBER RURAL WORKERS RYE SESAME SHEEP MEAT SOIL FERTILITY SOYBEAN STAPLE FOODS SUBSIDIZATION SUGAR SUGAR SORGHUM SUNFLOWER SUNK COSTS TARIFF BARRIERS TAX TAX SYSTEMS TAXATION TEA TOBACCO TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE TAXES TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS URBANIZATION URUGUAY ROUND VALUE OF OUTPUT VARIABLE COSTS VEGETABLES VEGETATION WAGES WHEAT WINE WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS WORLD MARKETS WORLD TRADE WTO
spellingShingle	AGRICULTURAL CONSUMPTION AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AGRICULTURAL MARKETS AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AGRICULTURAL POLICY AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE APPLES BARLEY BEEF CAPITAL INTENSITY CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL USE CASH CROPS COCOA COCONUT COFFEE COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMERS COTTON CROP DEFORESTATION DEMOCRACIES DEMOCRACY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRICE DOMESTIC PRICES ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMETRIC MODELS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC REFORMS ECONOMICS LITERATURE EGG EGGS EXPORTS FARM FARM INCOMES FARMER FARMERS FARMING FOOD CROPS FOOD IMPORTS FOOD POLICY FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD PRICES FOOD PRODUCTS FOOD STAPLES FRUIT FUTURE STUDIES GARLIC GDP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS GRAINS GROUNDNUT HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORT QUOTAS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES INDUSTRIALIZATION INEFFICIENCY INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL TRADE JUTE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LAND DEGRADATION LAND PRODUCTIVITY LIBERALIZATION LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MAIZE MARGINAL COST MARKET ACCESS MEAT MEDIAN VOTERS MILK MULCH MULTILATERAL TRADE NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OILSEEDS ORANGE OUTPUT RATIO OUTPUT RATIOS OUTPUTS PALM OIL PEAS PIG MEAT PLANTING POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION GROWTH PORK POTATO POULTRY PRICE DISTORTIONS PRICE FLUCTUATIONS PROCESSED FOODS PRODUCE PRODUCERS PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY OF LAND PROTECTIONISM PUBLIC POLICY RAPESEED REFORM PROGRAMS RICE RICH ONES RUBBER RURAL WORKERS RYE SESAME SHEEP MEAT SOIL FERTILITY SOYBEAN STAPLE FOODS SUBSIDIZATION SUGAR SUGAR SORGHUM SUNFLOWER SUNK COSTS TARIFF BARRIERS TAX TAX SYSTEMS TAXATION TEA TOBACCO TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE TAXES TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS URBANIZATION URUGUAY ROUND VALUE OF OUTPUT VARIABLE COSTS VEGETABLES VEGETATION WAGES WHEAT WINE WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS WORLD MARKETS WORLD TRADE WTO Gawande, Kishore Hoekman, Bernard Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade : Evidence from Agriculture
relation	Agricultural Distortions Working Paper;85
description	This paper empirically explores the political-economic determinants of why governments choose to tax or subsidize trade in agriculture. The authors use a new data set on nominal rates of assistance (NRA) across a number of commodities spanning the last five decades for 64 countries. NRAs measure the effect on domestic (relative to world) price of the quantitative and price-based instruments used to regulate agricultural markets. The data set admits consideration of both taxes and subsidies on exports and imports. The authors find that both economic and political variables play important roles in determining the within-variation in the NRA data. Based on results the authors offer a number of data-driven exploratory hypotheses that can inform future theoretical and empirical research on why governments choose to tax or subsidize agricultural products an important policy question that is also one of the least understood by scholars.
format	Working Paper
author	Gawande, Kishore Hoekman, Bernard
author_facet	Gawande, Kishore Hoekman, Bernard
author_sort	Gawande, Kishore
title	Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade : Evidence from Agriculture
title_short	Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade : Evidence from Agriculture
title_full	Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade : Evidence from Agriculture
title_fullStr	Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade : Evidence from Agriculture
title_full_unstemmed	Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade : Evidence from Agriculture
title_sort	why governments tax or subsidize trade : evidence from agriculture
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2017
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/393041468152708786/Why-governments-tax-or-subsidize-trade-evidence-from-agriculture http://hdl.handle.net/10986/28182
_version_	1764465466833633280

Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade : Evidence from Agriculture

Similar Items