Avenues for Export Diversification : Issues for Low-Income Countries

While diversification of exports is often a desirable trade objective, it is far from clear how best to tap into new opportunities. This paper discusses the range of avenues of diversification, including (i) expanding the range of markets into whic...

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Main Authors:	Brenton, Paul, Newfarmer, Richard, Walkenhorst, Peter
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2017
Subjects:	ACCESS TO INFORMATION ADVERSE EFFECT AGRICULTURE AVERAGE PRICE BARRIER BARRIER TO ENTRY BARRIERS TO COMPETITION BARRIERS TO ENTRY BILATERAL TRADE BINDING CONSTRAINTS BRAND BUSINESS CLIMATE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CHLORINE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMODITIES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY CONSUMERS CORPORATE TAXES COST SAVINGS CRITICAL MASS CUSTOMS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRY MARKETS DEVELOPING ECONOMIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DISTRIBUTION SERVICES DOMESTIC ECONOMY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC REGULATION ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES EMERGING ECONOMIES EMPIRICAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION EXPORT GROWTH EXPORT MARKET EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT PERFORMANCE EXPORT PRICES EXPORT PROCESSING EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES EXPORT PRODUCTS EXPORT PROMOTION EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCIES EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCY EXPORT SECTOR EXPORT STRUCTURE EXPORT SUPPORT EXPORT TAX EXPORTS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FAIR FAIR TRADE FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINISHED PRODUCT FISCAL POLICIES FIXED COSTS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE GDP GDP PER CAPITA GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSIFICATION GLOBAL ECONOMY GREENHOUSE GASES GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH IN TRADE IMPORT PRICE IMPORTS INCOME INCOME GROUPS INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INEQUALITY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE STATISTICS INVENTORY INVESTMENT POLICIES KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY LABOR COSTS LABOR MARKET LOW TARIFFS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC POLICY MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL REVENUE MARKET ENTRY MARKET EXPANSION MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET INFORMATION MARKET PENETRATION MARKETING MERCHANDISE MERCHANDISE TRADE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NATURAL ENDOWMENTS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NEW MARKET NEW MARKETS NEW PRODUCT NEW PRODUCTS OPEN MARKETS OPPORTUNITY COST OUTPUT OUTSOURCING PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES PERFECT INFORMATION POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY MAKERS POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY OF REFORM POLITICAL STABILITY PORTFOLIO PRICE VOLATILITY PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTURE PRODUCERS PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT QUALITY PRODUCTION COSTS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC POLICY QUALITY STANDARDS RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH RAPID GROWTH REAL EXCHANGE RATES REGIONAL TRADE REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK SALE SAVINGS SERVICES MARKETS SMALL COUNTRIES SMALL ECONOMY SOCIAL CAPITAL SPREAD SUPPLIER SUPPLIERS TARIFF PROTECTION TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TERMS OF TRADE THIRD MARKETS TOURISM TOURISM DEVELOPMENT TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE INTEGRATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE MISSIONS TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENNESS TRADE PERFORMANCE TRADE POLICY TRADE PREFERENCES TRADE PROMOTION TRADE REGIME TRADE RELATIONSHIPS TRANSACTION COSTS VARIABLE COSTS WEALTH WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/854381468176334938/Avenues-for-export-diversification-issues-for-low-income-countries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27930

id	okr-10986-27930
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ACCESS TO INFORMATION ADVERSE EFFECT AGRICULTURE AVERAGE PRICE BARRIER BARRIER TO ENTRY BARRIERS TO COMPETITION BARRIERS TO ENTRY BILATERAL TRADE BINDING CONSTRAINTS BRAND BUSINESS CLIMATE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CHLORINE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMODITIES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY CONSUMERS CORPORATE TAXES COST SAVINGS CRITICAL MASS CUSTOMS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRY MARKETS DEVELOPING ECONOMIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DISTRIBUTION SERVICES DOMESTIC ECONOMY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC REGULATION ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES EMERGING ECONOMIES EMPIRICAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION EXPORT GROWTH EXPORT MARKET EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT PERFORMANCE EXPORT PRICES EXPORT PROCESSING EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES EXPORT PRODUCTS EXPORT PROMOTION EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCIES EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCY EXPORT SECTOR EXPORT STRUCTURE EXPORT SUPPORT EXPORT TAX EXPORTS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FAIR FAIR TRADE FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINISHED PRODUCT FISCAL POLICIES FIXED COSTS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE GDP GDP PER CAPITA GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSIFICATION GLOBAL ECONOMY GREENHOUSE GASES GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH IN TRADE IMPORT PRICE IMPORTS INCOME INCOME GROUPS INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INEQUALITY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE STATISTICS INVENTORY INVESTMENT POLICIES KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY LABOR COSTS LABOR MARKET LOW TARIFFS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC POLICY MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL REVENUE MARKET ENTRY MARKET EXPANSION MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET INFORMATION MARKET PENETRATION MARKETING MERCHANDISE MERCHANDISE TRADE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NATURAL ENDOWMENTS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NEW MARKET NEW MARKETS NEW PRODUCT NEW PRODUCTS OPEN MARKETS OPPORTUNITY COST OUTPUT OUTSOURCING PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES PERFECT INFORMATION POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY MAKERS POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY OF REFORM POLITICAL STABILITY PORTFOLIO PRICE VOLATILITY PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTURE PRODUCERS PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT QUALITY PRODUCTION COSTS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC POLICY QUALITY STANDARDS RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH RAPID GROWTH REAL EXCHANGE RATES REGIONAL TRADE REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK SALE SAVINGS SERVICES MARKETS SMALL COUNTRIES SMALL ECONOMY SOCIAL CAPITAL SPREAD SUPPLIER SUPPLIERS TARIFF PROTECTION TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TERMS OF TRADE THIRD MARKETS TOURISM TOURISM DEVELOPMENT TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE INTEGRATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE MISSIONS TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENNESS TRADE PERFORMANCE TRADE POLICY TRADE PREFERENCES TRADE PROMOTION TRADE REGIME TRADE RELATIONSHIPS TRANSACTION COSTS VARIABLE COSTS WEALTH WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO INFORMATION ADVERSE EFFECT AGRICULTURE AVERAGE PRICE BARRIER BARRIER TO ENTRY BARRIERS TO COMPETITION BARRIERS TO ENTRY BILATERAL TRADE BINDING CONSTRAINTS BRAND BUSINESS CLIMATE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CHLORINE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMODITIES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY CONSUMERS CORPORATE TAXES COST SAVINGS CRITICAL MASS CUSTOMS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRY MARKETS DEVELOPING ECONOMIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DISTRIBUTION SERVICES DOMESTIC ECONOMY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC REGULATION ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES EMERGING ECONOMIES EMPIRICAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION EXPORT GROWTH EXPORT MARKET EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT PERFORMANCE EXPORT PRICES EXPORT PROCESSING EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES EXPORT PRODUCTS EXPORT PROMOTION EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCIES EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCY EXPORT SECTOR EXPORT STRUCTURE EXPORT SUPPORT EXPORT TAX EXPORTS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FAIR FAIR TRADE FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINISHED PRODUCT FISCAL POLICIES FIXED COSTS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE GDP GDP PER CAPITA GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSIFICATION GLOBAL ECONOMY GREENHOUSE GASES GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH IN TRADE IMPORT PRICE IMPORTS INCOME INCOME GROUPS INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INEQUALITY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE STATISTICS INVENTORY INVESTMENT POLICIES KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY LABOR COSTS LABOR MARKET LOW TARIFFS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC POLICY MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL REVENUE MARKET ENTRY MARKET EXPANSION MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET INFORMATION MARKET PENETRATION MARKETING MERCHANDISE MERCHANDISE TRADE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NATURAL ENDOWMENTS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NEW MARKET NEW MARKETS NEW PRODUCT NEW PRODUCTS OPEN MARKETS OPPORTUNITY COST OUTPUT OUTSOURCING PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES PERFECT INFORMATION POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY MAKERS POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY OF REFORM POLITICAL STABILITY PORTFOLIO PRICE VOLATILITY PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTURE PRODUCERS PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT QUALITY PRODUCTION COSTS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC POLICY QUALITY STANDARDS RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH RAPID GROWTH REAL EXCHANGE RATES REGIONAL TRADE REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK SALE SAVINGS SERVICES MARKETS SMALL COUNTRIES SMALL ECONOMY SOCIAL CAPITAL SPREAD SUPPLIER SUPPLIERS TARIFF PROTECTION TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TERMS OF TRADE THIRD MARKETS TOURISM TOURISM DEVELOPMENT TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE INTEGRATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE MISSIONS TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENNESS TRADE PERFORMANCE TRADE POLICY TRADE PREFERENCES TRADE PROMOTION TRADE REGIME TRADE RELATIONSHIPS TRANSACTION COSTS VARIABLE COSTS WEALTH WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO Brenton, Paul Newfarmer, Richard Walkenhorst, Peter Avenues for Export Diversification : Issues for Low-Income Countries
relation	Commission on Growth and Development Working Paper;No. 47
description	While diversification of exports is often a desirable trade objective, it is far from clear how best to tap into new opportunities. This paper discusses the range of avenues of diversification, including (i) expanding the range of markets into which existing products are sold (geographic diversification); (ii) upgrading the value of existing products, including agricultural exports (quality diversification); and (iii) taking advantage of opportunities to expand non-merchandise exports (services diversification), in addition to introducing entirely new export products. All offer opportunities for cost?effective positive policies relating to the incentive regime, backbone services, and export support institutions.
format	Working Paper
author	Brenton, Paul Newfarmer, Richard Walkenhorst, Peter
author_facet	Brenton, Paul Newfarmer, Richard Walkenhorst, Peter
author_sort	Brenton, Paul
title	Avenues for Export Diversification : Issues for Low-Income Countries
title_short	Avenues for Export Diversification : Issues for Low-Income Countries
title_full	Avenues for Export Diversification : Issues for Low-Income Countries
title_fullStr	Avenues for Export Diversification : Issues for Low-Income Countries
title_full_unstemmed	Avenues for Export Diversification : Issues for Low-Income Countries
title_sort	avenues for export diversification : issues for low-income countries
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2017
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/854381468176334938/Avenues-for-export-diversification-issues-for-low-income-countries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27930
_version_	1764465523106512896
spelling	okr-10986-279302021-04-23T14:04:45Z Avenues for Export Diversification : Issues for Low-Income Countries Brenton, Paul Newfarmer, Richard Walkenhorst, Peter ACCESS TO INFORMATION ADVERSE EFFECT AGRICULTURE AVERAGE PRICE BARRIER BARRIER TO ENTRY BARRIERS TO COMPETITION BARRIERS TO ENTRY BILATERAL TRADE BINDING CONSTRAINTS BRAND BUSINESS CLIMATE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CHLORINE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMODITIES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY CONSUMERS CORPORATE TAXES COST SAVINGS CRITICAL MASS CUSTOMS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRY MARKETS DEVELOPING ECONOMIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DISTRIBUTION SERVICES DOMESTIC ECONOMY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC REGULATION ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES EMERGING ECONOMIES EMPIRICAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION EXPORT GROWTH EXPORT MARKET EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT PERFORMANCE EXPORT PRICES EXPORT PROCESSING EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES EXPORT PRODUCTS EXPORT PROMOTION EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCIES EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCY EXPORT SECTOR EXPORT STRUCTURE EXPORT SUPPORT EXPORT TAX EXPORTS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FAIR FAIR TRADE FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINISHED PRODUCT FISCAL POLICIES FIXED COSTS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE GDP GDP PER CAPITA GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSIFICATION GLOBAL ECONOMY GREENHOUSE GASES GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH IN TRADE IMPORT PRICE IMPORTS INCOME INCOME GROUPS INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INEQUALITY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE STATISTICS INVENTORY INVESTMENT POLICIES KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY LABOR COSTS LABOR MARKET LOW TARIFFS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC POLICY MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL REVENUE MARKET ENTRY MARKET EXPANSION MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET INFORMATION MARKET PENETRATION MARKETING MERCHANDISE MERCHANDISE TRADE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NATURAL ENDOWMENTS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NEW MARKET NEW MARKETS NEW PRODUCT NEW PRODUCTS OPEN MARKETS OPPORTUNITY COST OUTPUT OUTSOURCING PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES PERFECT INFORMATION POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY MAKERS POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY OF REFORM POLITICAL STABILITY PORTFOLIO PRICE VOLATILITY PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTURE PRODUCERS PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT QUALITY PRODUCTION COSTS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC POLICY QUALITY STANDARDS RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH RAPID GROWTH REAL EXCHANGE RATES REGIONAL TRADE REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK SALE SAVINGS SERVICES MARKETS SMALL COUNTRIES SMALL ECONOMY SOCIAL CAPITAL SPREAD SUPPLIER SUPPLIERS TARIFF PROTECTION TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TERMS OF TRADE THIRD MARKETS TOURISM TOURISM DEVELOPMENT TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE INTEGRATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE MISSIONS TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENNESS TRADE PERFORMANCE TRADE POLICY TRADE PREFERENCES TRADE PROMOTION TRADE REGIME TRADE RELATIONSHIPS TRANSACTION COSTS VARIABLE COSTS WEALTH WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO While diversification of exports is often a desirable trade objective, it is far from clear how best to tap into new opportunities. This paper discusses the range of avenues of diversification, including (i) expanding the range of markets into which existing products are sold (geographic diversification); (ii) upgrading the value of existing products, including agricultural exports (quality diversification); and (iii) taking advantage of opportunities to expand non-merchandise exports (services diversification), in addition to introducing entirely new export products. All offer opportunities for cost?effective positive policies relating to the incentive regime, backbone services, and export support institutions. 2017-08-17T19:43:08Z 2017-08-17T19:43:08Z 2009 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/854381468176334938/Avenues-for-export-diversification-issues-for-low-income-countries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27930 English en_US Commission on Growth and Development Working Paper;No. 47 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Working Paper Publications & Research

Avenues for Export Diversification : Issues for Low-Income Countries

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