Arab Development Assistance : Four Decades of Cooperation

This study provides an overview of Arab official development assistance (ODA) over the past four decades. Trends in volume, composition, and direction are discussed in chapter two and the institutional framework is discussed in chapter three. Over...

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Main Author:	World Bank
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	Washington, DC 2017
Subjects:	ACCOUNTABILITY ACCOUNTING ADB ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANCE AFFILIATES AGRICULTURE AID AGENCIES AID ALLOCATION AID COORDINATION AID EFFECTIVENESS AID FLOWS AID PROGRAMS AID TARGETS AMOUNT OF DEBT ASSISTANCE ORGANIZATIONS BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANKING CORPORATION BANKING SECTOR BANKING SECTOR REFORMS BANKS BENEFICIARIES BENEFICIARY BILATERAL AID BUSINESS PLANS CAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT CAPITAL MARKETS CAPITALIZATION CONSOLIDATION CONTINGENCY PLANNING CREDIT LINES CREDITS DEBT DEBT BURDENS DEBT FORGIVENESS DEBT LEVELS DEBT RELIEF DEBT RESTRUCTURING DEBT SERVICE DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS DEBTS DEFLATORS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT BANKS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY DEVELOPMENT FINANCE DEVELOPMENT FINANCING DEVELOPMENT FUNDS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS DIRECT FINANCING DISBURSEMENT DISBURSEMENTS DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC DEBT EAST AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN EIB EQUITY INVESTMENTS EQUITY PARTICIPATION EXPENDITURES EXPORTERS EXPORTS FINANCIAL AGENCIES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL FLOWS FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FINANCIAL INTEGRATION FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FINANCIAL VIABILITY FINANCING FACILITIES FINANCING FACILITY FISCAL CAPACITIES FISCAL CAPACITY FISCAL DEFICITS FISCAL REFORMS FOOD AID FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FOREIGN INVESTMENT FORM OF CREDIT FULL DISCLOSURE FUTURE RESEARCH GAPS GDP GOVERNMENT AID GOVERNMENT DEBT GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP GOVERNMENT REVENUES GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATE HOLDING HOUSING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMANITARIAN AID HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES INCOME GROUP INFORMATION MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INSTALLMENT INSTALLMENT SALE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL AID INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS INVESTMENT BANK INVESTMENT FUND ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK LEGISLATION LINES OF CREDIT LIVING STANDARDS LOAN MANDATES MICROFINANCE MINISTRIES OF FINANCE MONETARY FUND MONETARY STABILITY MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS NATIONAL BANKS NATIONAL INCOME NATURAL DISASTERS NEW BUSINESS OIL PRICE OIL PRICES OUTSTANDING DEBT PERPETUITY PLEDGES PORTFOLIO PRINCIPAL PAYMENTS PRIORITIES PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC RECORD RATE OF RETURN RECEIPTS REFUGEES REGIONAL BANKS REGIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS REPAYMENT REPAYMENT PERIODS RESERVES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RISK MITIGATION SAVINGS SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIPS SHAREHOLDERS SHORT-TERM FINANCING SMALL ENTERPRISES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL FUND SOCIAL SERVICES SOFT LOANS SOVEREIGN ENTITIES SPECIAL FINANCING SPECIAL FUND START-UP START-UP COSTS STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSIDIARY SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TOTAL COSTS TOTAL DEBT TRADE FINANCE TRADE FINANCING TRADE FLOWS TRAINING CENTRE TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSPARENCY TREATY UNDERDEVELOPMENT UNION UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME WAGES WEALTH
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/725931468277750849/Arab-development-assistance-four-decades-of-cooperation http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27897

id	okr-10986-27897
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ACCOUNTABILITY ACCOUNTING ADB ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANCE AFFILIATES AGRICULTURE AID AGENCIES AID ALLOCATION AID COORDINATION AID EFFECTIVENESS AID FLOWS AID PROGRAMS AID TARGETS AMOUNT OF DEBT ASSISTANCE ORGANIZATIONS BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANKING CORPORATION BANKING SECTOR BANKING SECTOR REFORMS BANKS BENEFICIARIES BENEFICIARY BILATERAL AID BUSINESS PLANS CAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT CAPITAL MARKETS CAPITALIZATION CONSOLIDATION CONTINGENCY PLANNING CREDIT LINES CREDITS DEBT DEBT BURDENS DEBT FORGIVENESS DEBT LEVELS DEBT RELIEF DEBT RESTRUCTURING DEBT SERVICE DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS DEBTS DEFLATORS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT BANKS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY DEVELOPMENT FINANCE DEVELOPMENT FINANCING DEVELOPMENT FUNDS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS DIRECT FINANCING DISBURSEMENT DISBURSEMENTS DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC DEBT EAST AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN EIB EQUITY INVESTMENTS EQUITY PARTICIPATION EXPENDITURES EXPORTERS EXPORTS FINANCIAL AGENCIES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL FLOWS FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FINANCIAL INTEGRATION FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FINANCIAL VIABILITY FINANCING FACILITIES FINANCING FACILITY FISCAL CAPACITIES FISCAL CAPACITY FISCAL DEFICITS FISCAL REFORMS FOOD AID FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FOREIGN INVESTMENT FORM OF CREDIT FULL DISCLOSURE FUTURE RESEARCH GAPS GDP GOVERNMENT AID GOVERNMENT DEBT GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP GOVERNMENT REVENUES GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATE HOLDING HOUSING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMANITARIAN AID HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES INCOME GROUP INFORMATION MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INSTALLMENT INSTALLMENT SALE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL AID INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS INVESTMENT BANK INVESTMENT FUND ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK LEGISLATION LINES OF CREDIT LIVING STANDARDS LOAN MANDATES MICROFINANCE MINISTRIES OF FINANCE MONETARY FUND MONETARY STABILITY MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS NATIONAL BANKS NATIONAL INCOME NATURAL DISASTERS NEW BUSINESS OIL PRICE OIL PRICES OUTSTANDING DEBT PERPETUITY PLEDGES PORTFOLIO PRINCIPAL PAYMENTS PRIORITIES PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC RECORD RATE OF RETURN RECEIPTS REFUGEES REGIONAL BANKS REGIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS REPAYMENT REPAYMENT PERIODS RESERVES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RISK MITIGATION SAVINGS SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIPS SHAREHOLDERS SHORT-TERM FINANCING SMALL ENTERPRISES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL FUND SOCIAL SERVICES SOFT LOANS SOVEREIGN ENTITIES SPECIAL FINANCING SPECIAL FUND START-UP START-UP COSTS STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSIDIARY SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TOTAL COSTS TOTAL DEBT TRADE FINANCE TRADE FINANCING TRADE FLOWS TRAINING CENTRE TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSPARENCY TREATY UNDERDEVELOPMENT UNION UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME WAGES WEALTH
spellingShingle	ACCOUNTABILITY ACCOUNTING ADB ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANCE AFFILIATES AGRICULTURE AID AGENCIES AID ALLOCATION AID COORDINATION AID EFFECTIVENESS AID FLOWS AID PROGRAMS AID TARGETS AMOUNT OF DEBT ASSISTANCE ORGANIZATIONS BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANKING CORPORATION BANKING SECTOR BANKING SECTOR REFORMS BANKS BENEFICIARIES BENEFICIARY BILATERAL AID BUSINESS PLANS CAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT CAPITAL MARKETS CAPITALIZATION CONSOLIDATION CONTINGENCY PLANNING CREDIT LINES CREDITS DEBT DEBT BURDENS DEBT FORGIVENESS DEBT LEVELS DEBT RELIEF DEBT RESTRUCTURING DEBT SERVICE DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS DEBTS DEFLATORS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT BANKS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY DEVELOPMENT FINANCE DEVELOPMENT FINANCING DEVELOPMENT FUNDS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS DIRECT FINANCING DISBURSEMENT DISBURSEMENTS DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC DEBT EAST AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN EIB EQUITY INVESTMENTS EQUITY PARTICIPATION EXPENDITURES EXPORTERS EXPORTS FINANCIAL AGENCIES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL FLOWS FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FINANCIAL INTEGRATION FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FINANCIAL VIABILITY FINANCING FACILITIES FINANCING FACILITY FISCAL CAPACITIES FISCAL CAPACITY FISCAL DEFICITS FISCAL REFORMS FOOD AID FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FOREIGN INVESTMENT FORM OF CREDIT FULL DISCLOSURE FUTURE RESEARCH GAPS GDP GOVERNMENT AID GOVERNMENT DEBT GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP GOVERNMENT REVENUES GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATE HOLDING HOUSING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMANITARIAN AID HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES INCOME GROUP INFORMATION MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INSTALLMENT INSTALLMENT SALE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL AID INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS INVESTMENT BANK INVESTMENT FUND ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK LEGISLATION LINES OF CREDIT LIVING STANDARDS LOAN MANDATES MICROFINANCE MINISTRIES OF FINANCE MONETARY FUND MONETARY STABILITY MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS NATIONAL BANKS NATIONAL INCOME NATURAL DISASTERS NEW BUSINESS OIL PRICE OIL PRICES OUTSTANDING DEBT PERPETUITY PLEDGES PORTFOLIO PRINCIPAL PAYMENTS PRIORITIES PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC RECORD RATE OF RETURN RECEIPTS REFUGEES REGIONAL BANKS REGIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS REPAYMENT REPAYMENT PERIODS RESERVES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RISK MITIGATION SAVINGS SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIPS SHAREHOLDERS SHORT-TERM FINANCING SMALL ENTERPRISES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL FUND SOCIAL SERVICES SOFT LOANS SOVEREIGN ENTITIES SPECIAL FINANCING SPECIAL FUND START-UP START-UP COSTS STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSIDIARY SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TOTAL COSTS TOTAL DEBT TRADE FINANCE TRADE FINANCING TRADE FLOWS TRAINING CENTRE TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSPARENCY TREATY UNDERDEVELOPMENT UNION UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME WAGES WEALTH World Bank Arab Development Assistance : Four Decades of Cooperation
geographic_facet	Middle East and North Africa Middle East North Africa
description	This study provides an overview of Arab official development assistance (ODA) over the past four decades. Trends in volume, composition, and direction are discussed in chapter two and the institutional framework is discussed in chapter three. Over 90 percent of Arab development assistance is provided by three countries: the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
format	Working Paper
author	World Bank
author_facet	World Bank
author_sort	World Bank
title	Arab Development Assistance : Four Decades of Cooperation
title_short	Arab Development Assistance : Four Decades of Cooperation
title_full	Arab Development Assistance : Four Decades of Cooperation
title_fullStr	Arab Development Assistance : Four Decades of Cooperation
title_full_unstemmed	Arab Development Assistance : Four Decades of Cooperation
title_sort	arab development assistance : four decades of cooperation
publisher	Washington, DC
publishDate	2017
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/725931468277750849/Arab-development-assistance-four-decades-of-cooperation http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27897
_version_	1764465289101049856
spelling	okr-10986-278972021-04-23T14:04:44Z Arab Development Assistance : Four Decades of Cooperation World Bank ACCOUNTABILITY ACCOUNTING ADB ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANCE AFFILIATES AGRICULTURE AID AGENCIES AID ALLOCATION AID COORDINATION AID EFFECTIVENESS AID FLOWS AID PROGRAMS AID TARGETS AMOUNT OF DEBT ASSISTANCE ORGANIZATIONS BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANKING CORPORATION BANKING SECTOR BANKING SECTOR REFORMS BANKS BENEFICIARIES BENEFICIARY BILATERAL AID BUSINESS PLANS CAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT CAPITAL MARKETS CAPITALIZATION CONSOLIDATION CONTINGENCY PLANNING CREDIT LINES CREDITS DEBT DEBT BURDENS DEBT FORGIVENESS DEBT LEVELS DEBT RELIEF DEBT RESTRUCTURING DEBT SERVICE DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS DEBTS DEFLATORS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT BANKS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY DEVELOPMENT FINANCE DEVELOPMENT FINANCING DEVELOPMENT FUNDS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS DIRECT FINANCING DISBURSEMENT DISBURSEMENTS DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC DEBT EAST AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN EIB EQUITY INVESTMENTS EQUITY PARTICIPATION EXPENDITURES EXPORTERS EXPORTS FINANCIAL AGENCIES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL FLOWS FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FINANCIAL INTEGRATION FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FINANCIAL VIABILITY FINANCING FACILITIES FINANCING FACILITY FISCAL CAPACITIES FISCAL CAPACITY FISCAL DEFICITS FISCAL REFORMS FOOD AID FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FOREIGN INVESTMENT FORM OF CREDIT FULL DISCLOSURE FUTURE RESEARCH GAPS GDP GOVERNMENT AID GOVERNMENT DEBT GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP GOVERNMENT REVENUES GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATE HOLDING HOUSING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMANITARIAN AID HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES INCOME GROUP INFORMATION MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INSTALLMENT INSTALLMENT SALE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL AID INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS INVESTMENT BANK INVESTMENT FUND ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK LEGISLATION LINES OF CREDIT LIVING STANDARDS LOAN MANDATES MICROFINANCE MINISTRIES OF FINANCE MONETARY FUND MONETARY STABILITY MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS NATIONAL BANKS NATIONAL INCOME NATURAL DISASTERS NEW BUSINESS OIL PRICE OIL PRICES OUTSTANDING DEBT PERPETUITY PLEDGES PORTFOLIO PRINCIPAL PAYMENTS PRIORITIES PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC RECORD RATE OF RETURN RECEIPTS REFUGEES REGIONAL BANKS REGIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS REPAYMENT REPAYMENT PERIODS RESERVES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RISK MITIGATION SAVINGS SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIPS SHAREHOLDERS SHORT-TERM FINANCING SMALL ENTERPRISES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL FUND SOCIAL SERVICES SOFT LOANS SOVEREIGN ENTITIES SPECIAL FINANCING SPECIAL FUND START-UP START-UP COSTS STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSIDIARY SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TOTAL COSTS TOTAL DEBT TRADE FINANCE TRADE FINANCING TRADE FLOWS TRAINING CENTRE TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSPARENCY TREATY UNDERDEVELOPMENT UNION UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME WAGES WEALTH This study provides an overview of Arab official development assistance (ODA) over the past four decades. Trends in volume, composition, and direction are discussed in chapter two and the institutional framework is discussed in chapter three. Over 90 percent of Arab development assistance is provided by three countries: the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). 2017-08-16T21:01:37Z 2017-08-16T21:01:37Z 2010-06 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/725931468277750849/Arab-development-assistance-four-decades-of-cooperation http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27897 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Working Paper Publications & Research Middle East and North Africa Middle East North Africa

Arab Development Assistance : Four Decades of Cooperation

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