Determinants of and Trends in Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey
Female labor force participation rate in Turkey is quite low by European Union (EU) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) standards: it was 24.9 percent in 2006, compared to 66.1 percent in EU-27 and 60.8 percent in OECD...
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| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Ankara
2017
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/466591468316462301/Determinants-of-and-trends-in-labor-force-participation-of-women-in-Turkey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27853 |
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okr-10986-27853 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
AGE CATEGORIES AGE COMPOSITION AGE GROUP AGE GROUPS BASIC EDUCATION BIRTH CONTROL BUSINESS CYCLES CHILD CARE CLERICAL WORKERS COMPULSORY SCHOOLING CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA CURRENT LABOR FORCE DAY CARE DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DIVORCE DOWNWARD PRESSURE EARLY RETIREMENT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVELS EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES ELDERLY EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT STATUS FAMILY WORK FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE POPULATION FEMALE WORKER FEMALE WORKERS FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY RATES FIRM SIZE FIRST MARRIAGE GENDER GENDER GAP HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD WEALTH ILLITERATE WOMEN INNOVATION INTERNAL MIGRATION JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR LAW LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET INDICATORS LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LIVES OF WOMEN LOWER FERTILITY MALE COUNTERPARTS MALE WORKERS MARITAL STATUS MARKET WAGES MARRIED WOMEN MATERNITY LEAVE MIGRANT MIGRANT WOMEN MIGRANTS MIGRATION MINIMUM WAGE MOTHER NUMBER OF BIRTHS NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUMBER OF WOMEN NUMBER OF WORKERS OCCUPATIONS OLD MEN OLDER WOMEN PAID MATERNITY PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PARTICIPATION RATES PARTICIPATIONS PATERNITY LEAVE POPULATION TRENDS PREVIOUS STUDIES PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL GRADUATES PRIME AGE PRODUCTION WORKERS PROPORTION OF WOMEN REGULAR EMPLOYMENT REGULAR WORKERS REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR RETIREMENT RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL LABOR RURAL POPULATION RURAL WOMEN SAFETY SCHOOLING SCHOOLING ATTAINMENT SCHOOLS SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION SEVERANCE PAYMENT SEX SEXUAL HARASSMENT SINGLE WOMEN SKILLED WOMEN SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL SECURITY STATE PLANNING STATUS OF WOMEN TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATION URBAN WOMEN URBANIZATION VOCATIONAL SCHOOL VOCATIONAL TRAINING WAGE DATA WAGE DIFFERENTIAL WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE GAP WAGE POLICIES WOMAN WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE WOMEN WORKERS WORK FORCE WORKER WORKFORCE WORKING HOURS WORKING WOMEN YOUNG AGES YOUTH |
| spellingShingle |
AGE CATEGORIES AGE COMPOSITION AGE GROUP AGE GROUPS BASIC EDUCATION BIRTH CONTROL BUSINESS CYCLES CHILD CARE CLERICAL WORKERS COMPULSORY SCHOOLING CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA CURRENT LABOR FORCE DAY CARE DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DIVORCE DOWNWARD PRESSURE EARLY RETIREMENT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVELS EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES ELDERLY EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT STATUS FAMILY WORK FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE POPULATION FEMALE WORKER FEMALE WORKERS FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY RATES FIRM SIZE FIRST MARRIAGE GENDER GENDER GAP HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD WEALTH ILLITERATE WOMEN INNOVATION INTERNAL MIGRATION JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR LAW LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET INDICATORS LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LIVES OF WOMEN LOWER FERTILITY MALE COUNTERPARTS MALE WORKERS MARITAL STATUS MARKET WAGES MARRIED WOMEN MATERNITY LEAVE MIGRANT MIGRANT WOMEN MIGRANTS MIGRATION MINIMUM WAGE MOTHER NUMBER OF BIRTHS NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUMBER OF WOMEN NUMBER OF WORKERS OCCUPATIONS OLD MEN OLDER WOMEN PAID MATERNITY PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PARTICIPATION RATES PARTICIPATIONS PATERNITY LEAVE POPULATION TRENDS PREVIOUS STUDIES PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL GRADUATES PRIME AGE PRODUCTION WORKERS PROPORTION OF WOMEN REGULAR EMPLOYMENT REGULAR WORKERS REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR RETIREMENT RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL LABOR RURAL POPULATION RURAL WOMEN SAFETY SCHOOLING SCHOOLING ATTAINMENT SCHOOLS SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION SEVERANCE PAYMENT SEX SEXUAL HARASSMENT SINGLE WOMEN SKILLED WOMEN SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL SECURITY STATE PLANNING STATUS OF WOMEN TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATION URBAN WOMEN URBANIZATION VOCATIONAL SCHOOL VOCATIONAL TRAINING WAGE DATA WAGE DIFFERENTIAL WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE GAP WAGE POLICIES WOMAN WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE WOMEN WORKERS WORK FORCE WORKER WORKFORCE WORKING HOURS WORKING WOMEN YOUNG AGES YOUTH Dayıoğlu, Meltem Kırdar, Murat G. Determinants of and Trends in Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey |
| geographic_facet |
Europe and Central Asia Turkey |
| description |
Female labor force participation rate in
Turkey is quite low by European Union (EU) and Organization
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) standards:
it was 24.9 percent in 2006, compared to 66.1 percent in
EU-27 and 60.8 percent in OECD countries. Moreover, it has
declined from 34.3 percent in 1988 to 24.9 percent in 2006.
The purpose of this report is to shed light on factors that
determine women's participation in the labor market and
the reasons behind the observed trends over the 1988-2006
periods. An important reason for the fall in female
participation rate is urbanization. Turkey has witnessed
high levels migration from rural to urban areas since 1988.
The share of urban population rose from 51.1 percent in 1988
to 63.3 percent in 2006. Despite the declining trend, the
female labor force participation rate in rural areas is
still higher than that in urban areas, which has been more
stable over time. In fact, the gender gap in participation
rate in urban areas is much wider. Significant improvements
have taken in place in women's schooling in recent
decades in Turkey. The final interesting finding that
requires further investigation is the low and stagnant
participation rates of low skilled women - those with less
than high school education. Over the 2000-2006 periods, the
participation rate of low skilled women varied between 10.9
and 11.8 percent. These are considerably lower rates
compared to that of low skilled men which, over the same
time period, varied between 67.1 and 68.8 percent. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| author |
Dayıoğlu, Meltem Kırdar, Murat G. |
| author_facet |
Dayıoğlu, Meltem Kırdar, Murat G. |
| author_sort |
Dayıoğlu, Meltem |
| title |
Determinants of and Trends in Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey |
| title_short |
Determinants of and Trends in Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey |
| title_full |
Determinants of and Trends in Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey |
| title_fullStr |
Determinants of and Trends in Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Determinants of and Trends in Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey |
| title_sort |
determinants of and trends in labor force participation of women in turkey |
| publisher |
World Bank, Ankara |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/466591468316462301/Determinants-of-and-trends-in-labor-force-participation-of-women-in-Turkey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27853 |
| _version_ |
1764465234903302144 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-278532021-04-23T14:04:44Z Determinants of and Trends in Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey Dayıoğlu, Meltem Kırdar, Murat G. AGE CATEGORIES AGE COMPOSITION AGE GROUP AGE GROUPS BASIC EDUCATION BIRTH CONTROL BUSINESS CYCLES CHILD CARE CLERICAL WORKERS COMPULSORY SCHOOLING CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA CURRENT LABOR FORCE DAY CARE DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DIVORCE DOWNWARD PRESSURE EARLY RETIREMENT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVELS EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES ELDERLY EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT STATUS FAMILY WORK FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE POPULATION FEMALE WORKER FEMALE WORKERS FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY RATES FIRM SIZE FIRST MARRIAGE GENDER GENDER GAP HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD WEALTH ILLITERATE WOMEN INNOVATION INTERNAL MIGRATION JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR LAW LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET INDICATORS LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LIVES OF WOMEN LOWER FERTILITY MALE COUNTERPARTS MALE WORKERS MARITAL STATUS MARKET WAGES MARRIED WOMEN MATERNITY LEAVE MIGRANT MIGRANT WOMEN MIGRANTS MIGRATION MINIMUM WAGE MOTHER NUMBER OF BIRTHS NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUMBER OF WOMEN NUMBER OF WORKERS OCCUPATIONS OLD MEN OLDER WOMEN PAID MATERNITY PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PARTICIPATION RATES PARTICIPATIONS PATERNITY LEAVE POPULATION TRENDS PREVIOUS STUDIES PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL GRADUATES PRIME AGE PRODUCTION WORKERS PROPORTION OF WOMEN REGULAR EMPLOYMENT REGULAR WORKERS REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR RETIREMENT RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL LABOR RURAL POPULATION RURAL WOMEN SAFETY SCHOOLING SCHOOLING ATTAINMENT SCHOOLS SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION SEVERANCE PAYMENT SEX SEXUAL HARASSMENT SINGLE WOMEN SKILLED WOMEN SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL SECURITY STATE PLANNING STATUS OF WOMEN TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATION URBAN WOMEN URBANIZATION VOCATIONAL SCHOOL VOCATIONAL TRAINING WAGE DATA WAGE DIFFERENTIAL WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE GAP WAGE POLICIES WOMAN WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE WOMEN WORKERS WORK FORCE WORKER WORKFORCE WORKING HOURS WORKING WOMEN YOUNG AGES YOUTH Female labor force participation rate in Turkey is quite low by European Union (EU) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) standards: it was 24.9 percent in 2006, compared to 66.1 percent in EU-27 and 60.8 percent in OECD countries. Moreover, it has declined from 34.3 percent in 1988 to 24.9 percent in 2006. The purpose of this report is to shed light on factors that determine women's participation in the labor market and the reasons behind the observed trends over the 1988-2006 periods. An important reason for the fall in female participation rate is urbanization. Turkey has witnessed high levels migration from rural to urban areas since 1988. The share of urban population rose from 51.1 percent in 1988 to 63.3 percent in 2006. Despite the declining trend, the female labor force participation rate in rural areas is still higher than that in urban areas, which has been more stable over time. In fact, the gender gap in participation rate in urban areas is much wider. Significant improvements have taken in place in women's schooling in recent decades in Turkey. The final interesting finding that requires further investigation is the low and stagnant participation rates of low skilled women - those with less than high school education. Over the 2000-2006 periods, the participation rate of low skilled women varied between 10.9 and 11.8 percent. These are considerably lower rates compared to that of low skilled men which, over the same time period, varied between 67.1 and 68.8 percent. 2017-08-15T19:12:59Z 2017-08-15T19:12:59Z 2010-03 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/466591468316462301/Determinants-of-and-trends-in-labor-force-participation-of-women-in-Turkey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27853 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank, Ankara Publications & Research :: Working Paper Publications & Research Europe and Central Asia Turkey |