Alternative Approaches to Addressing the Risk of Non-Permanence in Afforestation and Reforestation Projects under the Clean Development Mechanism

The report provides quantitative and qualitative insights into the performance of different non-permanence approaches for consideration of parties. This note summarizes the results of the analysis presented in the report. Besides the existing mecha...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Murray, Brian C., Galik, Christopher S., Mitchell, Stephen, Cottle, Phil
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2017
Subjects:	ABSORPTION ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK AFFORESTATION ASSURANCE ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS BIOMASS BONDHOLDER BONDS CALCULATION CAP LEVELS CARBON CARBON BALANCE CARBON CAPTURE CARBON CREDITING CARBON CREDITS CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON EMISSIONS CARBON FINANCE CARBON LOSS CARBON LOSSES CARBON MARKET CARBON OFFSET CARBON POOLS CARBON PRICE CARBON PROJECTS CARBON REMOVAL CARBON RESERVOIR CARBON SINK CARBON SINK PROJECTS CARBON SINKS CARBON STOCK CARBON STORAGE CARBONIZATION CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTION CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS CLEAN DEVELOPMENT CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM CLIMATE CLIMATE ACTION CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CLIMATE DAMAGES CLIMATE POLICY CO CO2 COMMERCIAL INSURANCE COMMODITY MARKETS CREDIBILITY CREDIT BUYERS CREDIT LOSS CREDIT RESERVE CUSTODY DEBT DECAY FUNCTION DEFAULT RISK DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DIRECT INVESTMENT DISCOUNT RATE DISCOUNT RATES DROUGHT ECONOMIC INCENTIVE ECOSYSTEM EMISSION EMISSION REDUCTION EMISSION REDUCTION OBLIGATIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMISSIONS REDUCTION OBLIGATIONS EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS EMISSIONS TARGETS ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ESCROW EXPENDITURES EXTREME WEATHER FEASIBILITY FINANCES FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE FINANCIAL RETURNS FINANCIAL RISK FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIRST VERIFICATION FOREST FOREST CARBON FOREST CARBON STOCK FOREST CARBON STORAGE FOREST DEGRADATION FOREST ECOSYSTEMS FOREST GROWTH FOREST LOSSES FOREST MANAGEMENT FOREST STAND FOREST STANDS FOREST TYPE FORESTRY FORESTRY ACTIVITIES FORESTRY PROJECTS FORESTS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE FUNGIBLE FUTURE PRICES GHG GHGS GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS GLOBAL WARMING GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GASES HOLDING HOLDING REQUIREMENTS HOST COUNTRIES HOST COUNTRY INCOME INFLATION INFLATION RATE INITIAL VERIFICATION INSTRUMENT INSURANCE INSURANCE COVERAGE INSURANCE PREMIUM INSURERS INTERNATIONAL STANDARD INVESTMENT DECISIONS IPCC ISSUANCE LAND USE LAND-USE CHANGE LANDHOLDER LANDOWNER LANDOWNERS LEGAL OBLIGATION LEGAL OBLIGATIONS LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKS LIABILITY MARKET CONDITIONS MARKET PARTICIPANTS MARKET TRANSACTION MATURITY MITIGATION ACTIONS MONETARY VALUE MORAL HAZARD NET CARBON SINK OFFSET CATEGORIES OFFSET CREDITS OPPORTUNITY COST OPPORTUNITY COSTS PERFORMANCE BOND POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY PORTFOLIO PRESENT VALUE PRICE CHANGE PRICE INCREASE PROGRAMS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS RADIATION RADIATIVE FORCING REPAYMENT RESERVE RETURN RISK ASSESSMENT RISK DIVERSIFICATION RISK FACTORS RISK MANAGEMENT RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM RISK PREMIUM RISK PROFILE SALVAGE SAVINGS SCENARIOS SEQUESTERED CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL SEQUESTRATION RATE SET ASIDE SPECTRUM OF RISK TERRESTRIAL CARBON TERRESTRIAL CARBON POOL TERRESTRIAL CARBON RESERVOIRS TERRESTRIAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION TERRESTRIAL CARBON SINKS TERRESTRIAL CARBON STOCKS TERRESTRIAL CARBON STORAGE TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS TRADING TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS UNEP VERIFICATION PERIODS WIND WOOD PRODUCTS YIELD CURVES
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/560271468182329250/Final-report http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27123