Private Sector Participation in Light Rail-Light Metro Transit Initiatives

This book aims to help governments and public authorities to establish effective light rail-light metro transit (LRMT) systems, and focuses on use of Public-Private Participation (PPP) arrangements. Rather than identify a single approach, authors p...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Mandri-Perrott, Cledan, Menzies, Iain
Format: Publication
Language:English
Published: World Bank 2012
Subjects:
BID
EIB
LLC
Online Access:http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000334955_20100219025419
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2416
id okr-10986-2416
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
topic ACCOUNTING
AIRPORTS
ALTERNATIVE ROUTES
ANNUAL PAYMENTS
ASSET MANAGEMENT
BALANCE SHEET
BASIC COST
BEST PRACTICES
BID
BORROWING
BUDGET DEFICIT
BUSINESS CYCLE
CALCULATIONS
CAPACITY BUILDING
CAPITAL FLOWS
CAPITAL INVESTMENTS
CAPITAL MARKETS
CARS
CASH FLOW
CHECKS
COLLATERAL
COMPETITIVE BIDDING
CONGESTION
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
CONTRACT LAW
CONTRACT RENEGOTIATION
CONTRACT RENEGOTIATIONS
CONTRIBUTION
CONTRIBUTIONS
COST OF CAPITAL
CREDIT ENHANCEMENT
CREDIT RATING
CREDIT RATINGS
DEBT
DEBT FINANCING
DEBT REPAYMENT
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICING
DEBT-SERVICE
DEMAND FOR TRANSPORT
DEPRECIATION
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DIVERSIFICATION
DOUBLE TAXATION
DRIVERS
DRIVING
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMICS
EIB
EMERGING MARKETS
ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACT
EXPENDITURE
EXPENDITURES
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
FINANCIAL CRISES
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL DISTRESS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL TROUBLE
FISCAL CONSTRAINTS
FISCAL DISCIPLINE
FISCAL POSITIONS
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FREE ROADS
GLOBAL BUSINESS
GOVERNMENT BUDGET
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT POLICY
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
HIGHWAY
HIGHWAY NETWORK
HIGHWAYS
HOLDING
INCOME
INFLATION
INFLATION RATE
INFORMATION ASYMMETRY
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS
INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTRUMENT
INTEREST RATE
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW
INVESTING
INVESTMENT ACTIVITY
INVESTMENT BANK
INVESTMENT PROGRAMS
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
LANES
LAWS
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LEGAL PROTECTIONS
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
LENDERS
LEVY
LIABILITY
LLC
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS
MAJOR ASSET
MARKET ECONOMY
MATURE CAPITAL MARKETS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MINISTRIES OF FINANCE
MONETARY FUND
MOTORWAYS
MUNICIPALITIES
NATIONAL ECONOMIES
PASSENGER TRANSPORT
PERFORMANCE RISK
POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY
POOR CREDIT
POOR CREDIT RATING
POTENTIAL INVESTORS
POVERTY ALLEVIATION
PRESENT VALUE
PRIVATE FINANCE
PRIVATE FINANCING
PRIVATE FUNDS
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTORS
PRIVATE PARTIES
PRIVATE PARTY
PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT
PRIVATE TRANSPORT
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC AGENCIES
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC GOOD
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION
PUBLIC SERVICES
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
RAILROADS
RAILWAY
RAILWAY SECTOR
RAILWAYS
RAPID DEVELOPMENT
RECESSION
RECURRENT EXPENDITURE
REGIONAL TRANSPORT
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
RENEGOTIATION
RENEGOTIATIONS
RETURN ON EQUITY
RETURN ON INVESTMENT
RETURNS
RISK MANAGEMENT
RISK MITIGATION
RISK PROFILE
RISK SHARING
ROAD
ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
ROAD NETWORK
ROAD PROJECTS
ROAD SECTOR
ROAD SYSTEM
ROAD USE
ROAD USERS
ROADS
SAFETY
SAVINGS
SHAREHOLDERS
STAKEHOLDERS
STATE PROPERTY
SUBSIDIARY
TAXATION
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TOLL
TOLL COLLECTION
TOLL MOTORWAY
TOLL MOTORWAYS
TOLL ROAD
TOLL ROADS
TOLLS
TOTAL ANNUAL INVESTMENT
TOTAL COST
TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC DEMAND
TRAFFIC LEVELS
TRAFFIC RISK
TRAFFIC VOLUMES
TRAM
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSIT
TRANSITION COUNTRIES
TRANSPARENCY
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
TRANSPORT INVESTMENT
TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS
TRANSPORT NETWORK
TRANSPORT PROJECTS
TRANSPORT SECTOR
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
TREASURY
TREATY
VALUABLE
VEHICLE
VEHICLES
WORTH
spellingShingle ACCOUNTING
AIRPORTS
ALTERNATIVE ROUTES
ANNUAL PAYMENTS
ASSET MANAGEMENT
BALANCE SHEET
BASIC COST
BEST PRACTICES
BID
BORROWING
BUDGET DEFICIT
BUSINESS CYCLE
CALCULATIONS
CAPACITY BUILDING
CAPITAL FLOWS
CAPITAL INVESTMENTS
CAPITAL MARKETS
CARS
CASH FLOW
CHECKS
COLLATERAL
COMPETITIVE BIDDING
CONGESTION
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
CONTRACT LAW
CONTRACT RENEGOTIATION
CONTRACT RENEGOTIATIONS
CONTRIBUTION
CONTRIBUTIONS
COST OF CAPITAL
CREDIT ENHANCEMENT
CREDIT RATING
CREDIT RATINGS
DEBT
DEBT FINANCING
DEBT REPAYMENT
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICING
DEBT-SERVICE
DEMAND FOR TRANSPORT
DEPRECIATION
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DIVERSIFICATION
DOUBLE TAXATION
DRIVERS
DRIVING
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMICS
EIB
EMERGING MARKETS
ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACT
EXPENDITURE
EXPENDITURES
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
FINANCIAL CRISES
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL DISTRESS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL TROUBLE
FISCAL CONSTRAINTS
FISCAL DISCIPLINE
FISCAL POSITIONS
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FREE ROADS
GLOBAL BUSINESS
GOVERNMENT BUDGET
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT POLICY
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
HIGHWAY
HIGHWAY NETWORK
HIGHWAYS
HOLDING
INCOME
INFLATION
INFLATION RATE
INFORMATION ASYMMETRY
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS
INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTRUMENT
INTEREST RATE
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW
INVESTING
INVESTMENT ACTIVITY
INVESTMENT BANK
INVESTMENT PROGRAMS
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
LANES
LAWS
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LEGAL PROTECTIONS
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
LENDERS
LEVY
LIABILITY
LLC
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS
MAJOR ASSET
MARKET ECONOMY
MATURE CAPITAL MARKETS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MINISTRIES OF FINANCE
MONETARY FUND
MOTORWAYS
MUNICIPALITIES
NATIONAL ECONOMIES
PASSENGER TRANSPORT
PERFORMANCE RISK
POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY
POOR CREDIT
POOR CREDIT RATING
POTENTIAL INVESTORS
POVERTY ALLEVIATION
PRESENT VALUE
PRIVATE FINANCE
PRIVATE FINANCING
PRIVATE FUNDS
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTORS
PRIVATE PARTIES
PRIVATE PARTY
PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT
PRIVATE TRANSPORT
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC AGENCIES
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC GOOD
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION
PUBLIC SERVICES
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
RAILROADS
RAILWAY
RAILWAY SECTOR
RAILWAYS
RAPID DEVELOPMENT
RECESSION
RECURRENT EXPENDITURE
REGIONAL TRANSPORT
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
RENEGOTIATION
RENEGOTIATIONS
RETURN ON EQUITY
RETURN ON INVESTMENT
RETURNS
RISK MANAGEMENT
RISK MITIGATION
RISK PROFILE
RISK SHARING
ROAD
ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
ROAD NETWORK
ROAD PROJECTS
ROAD SECTOR
ROAD SYSTEM
ROAD USE
ROAD USERS
ROADS
SAFETY
SAVINGS
SHAREHOLDERS
STAKEHOLDERS
STATE PROPERTY
SUBSIDIARY
TAXATION
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TOLL
TOLL COLLECTION
TOLL MOTORWAY
TOLL MOTORWAYS
TOLL ROAD
TOLL ROADS
TOLLS
TOTAL ANNUAL INVESTMENT
TOTAL COST
TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC DEMAND
TRAFFIC LEVELS
TRAFFIC RISK
TRAFFIC VOLUMES
TRAM
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSIT
TRANSITION COUNTRIES
TRANSPARENCY
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
TRANSPORT INVESTMENT
TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS
TRANSPORT NETWORK
TRANSPORT PROJECTS
TRANSPORT SECTOR
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
TREASURY
TREATY
VALUABLE
VEHICLE
VEHICLES
WORTH
Mandri-Perrott, Cledan
Menzies, Iain
Private Sector Participation in Light Rail-Light Metro Transit Initiatives
description This book aims to help governments and public authorities to establish effective light rail-light metro transit (LRMT) systems, and focuses on use of Public-Private Participation (PPP) arrangements. Rather than identify a single approach, authors present options and discuss practical issues related to preparing and implementing new LRMT PPP schemes. The approach is focused on providing information that can be used to make informed decisions, adapted to local policy and objectives. The material presented is intended as a practical guide to developing LRMT PPPs in both developed and developing countries. This work endeavors to provide answers to readers' questions regarding how to successfully incorporate private sector participation in LRMT with a lesser emphasis on why LRMT and the private sector may be beneficial. The primary focus of this text is guiding the reader from design through to project implementation. It starts from the premise that underlying transport policy decisions will have already been made and that LRMT has already been identified as the appropriate transport solution. The authors have included some limited discussion of policy and technical issues where these directly impact the LRMT PPP approach. The approach is presented in nine sections, and in preparing it the author drew on current international LRMT PPP experience, through a series of interviews and case studies. The sections covered are: 1) urban transport and LRMT: an overview of urban transport policy, the characteristics of LRMT schemes and the influences on LRMT policies; 2) technical issues: a brief review of some key technical issues inherent in LRMT schemes and their potential impact on PPP design and implementation; 3) incorporating private sector participation in LRMT initiatives: what PPP has to offer, and an overview of the issues and stages public authorities follow to establish successful LRMT PPP arrangements; 4) understanding and managing risk: analyzing and allocating risks and responsibilities among stakeholders in the LRMT scheme and practical ways of designing risk allocation rules; 5) PPP, design, specifications and performance management: setting service standards and specifications and establishing associated costs; developing of performance and payment indicators and managing compliance; 6) funding and finance: large LRMT capital and system maintenance requirements require strong financing arrangements. The practical use of public and private financing mechanisms under PPP arrangement is reviewed; 7) developing a PPP agreement: looking at the main types of PPP agreements, an outline framework for developing the contractual arrangement is developed through re-view of key issues; 8) procurement: reviewing the approaches that the public authority can use to select the private partner; and 9) conclusions.
format Publications & Research :: Publication
author Mandri-Perrott, Cledan
Menzies, Iain
author_facet Mandri-Perrott, Cledan
Menzies, Iain
author_sort Mandri-Perrott, Cledan
title Private Sector Participation in Light Rail-Light Metro Transit Initiatives
title_short Private Sector Participation in Light Rail-Light Metro Transit Initiatives
title_full Private Sector Participation in Light Rail-Light Metro Transit Initiatives
title_fullStr Private Sector Participation in Light Rail-Light Metro Transit Initiatives
title_full_unstemmed Private Sector Participation in Light Rail-Light Metro Transit Initiatives
title_sort private sector participation in light rail-light metro transit initiatives
publisher World Bank
publishDate 2012
url http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000334955_20100219025419
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2416
_version_ 1764385416260091904
spelling okr-10986-24162021-04-23T14:02:01Z Private Sector Participation in Light Rail-Light Metro Transit Initiatives Mandri-Perrott, Cledan Menzies, Iain ACCOUNTING AIRPORTS ALTERNATIVE ROUTES ANNUAL PAYMENTS ASSET MANAGEMENT BALANCE SHEET BASIC COST BEST PRACTICES BID BORROWING BUDGET DEFICIT BUSINESS CYCLE CALCULATIONS CAPACITY BUILDING CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL MARKETS CARS CASH FLOW CHECKS COLLATERAL COMPETITIVE BIDDING CONGESTION CONTINGENT LIABILITIES CONTRACT LAW CONTRACT RENEGOTIATION CONTRACT RENEGOTIATIONS CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS COST OF CAPITAL CREDIT ENHANCEMENT CREDIT RATING CREDIT RATINGS DEBT DEBT FINANCING DEBT REPAYMENT DEBT SERVICE DEBT SERVICING DEBT-SERVICE DEMAND FOR TRANSPORT DEPRECIATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DIVERSIFICATION DOUBLE TAXATION DRIVERS DRIVING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS EIB EMERGING MARKETS ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACT EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES FINANCIAL ANALYSIS FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL DISTRESS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FINANCIAL TROUBLE FISCAL CONSTRAINTS FISCAL DISCIPLINE FISCAL POSITIONS FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK FOREIGN INVESTMENT FREE ROADS GLOBAL BUSINESS GOVERNMENT BUDGET GOVERNMENT FINANCING GOVERNMENT POLICY GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HIGHWAY HIGHWAY NETWORK HIGHWAYS HOLDING INCOME INFLATION INFLATION RATE INFORMATION ASYMMETRY INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY INSTRUMENT INTEREST RATE INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW INVESTING INVESTMENT ACTIVITY INVESTMENT BANK INVESTMENT PROGRAMS INVESTMENT PROJECTS LANES LAWS LEGAL ENVIRONMENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK LEGAL PROTECTIONS LEGISLATION LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK LENDERS LEVY LIABILITY LLC LOCAL GOVERNMENTS MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS MAJOR ASSET MARKET ECONOMY MATURE CAPITAL MARKETS MATURITIES MATURITY MINISTRIES OF FINANCE MONETARY FUND MOTORWAYS MUNICIPALITIES NATIONAL ECONOMIES PASSENGER TRANSPORT PERFORMANCE RISK POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY POOR CREDIT POOR CREDIT RATING POTENTIAL INVESTORS POVERTY ALLEVIATION PRESENT VALUE PRIVATE FINANCE PRIVATE FINANCING PRIVATE FUNDS PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE INVESTORS PRIVATE PARTIES PRIVATE PARTY PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT PRIVATE TRANSPORT PRODUCTIVITY PROFITABILITY PUBLIC AGENCIES PUBLIC DEBT PUBLIC FINANCE PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION PUBLIC SERVICES QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS RAILROADS RAILWAY RAILWAY SECTOR RAILWAYS RAPID DEVELOPMENT RECESSION RECURRENT EXPENDITURE REGIONAL TRANSPORT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENEGOTIATION RENEGOTIATIONS RETURN ON EQUITY RETURN ON INVESTMENT RETURNS RISK MANAGEMENT RISK MITIGATION RISK PROFILE RISK SHARING ROAD ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ROAD NETWORK ROAD PROJECTS ROAD SECTOR ROAD SYSTEM ROAD USE ROAD USERS ROADS SAFETY SAVINGS SHAREHOLDERS STAKEHOLDERS STATE PROPERTY SUBSIDIARY TAXATION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TOLL TOLL COLLECTION TOLL MOTORWAY TOLL MOTORWAYS TOLL ROAD TOLL ROADS TOLLS TOTAL ANNUAL INVESTMENT TOTAL COST TRAFFIC TRAFFIC DEMAND TRAFFIC LEVELS TRAFFIC RISK TRAFFIC VOLUMES TRAM TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSIT TRANSITION COUNTRIES TRANSPARENCY TRANSPORT TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORT INVESTMENT TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS TRANSPORT NETWORK TRANSPORT PROJECTS TRANSPORT SECTOR TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TREASURY TREATY VALUABLE VEHICLE VEHICLES WORTH This book aims to help governments and public authorities to establish effective light rail-light metro transit (LRMT) systems, and focuses on use of Public-Private Participation (PPP) arrangements. Rather than identify a single approach, authors present options and discuss practical issues related to preparing and implementing new LRMT PPP schemes. The approach is focused on providing information that can be used to make informed decisions, adapted to local policy and objectives. The material presented is intended as a practical guide to developing LRMT PPPs in both developed and developing countries. This work endeavors to provide answers to readers' questions regarding how to successfully incorporate private sector participation in LRMT with a lesser emphasis on why LRMT and the private sector may be beneficial. The primary focus of this text is guiding the reader from design through to project implementation. It starts from the premise that underlying transport policy decisions will have already been made and that LRMT has already been identified as the appropriate transport solution. The authors have included some limited discussion of policy and technical issues where these directly impact the LRMT PPP approach. The approach is presented in nine sections, and in preparing it the author drew on current international LRMT PPP experience, through a series of interviews and case studies. The sections covered are: 1) urban transport and LRMT: an overview of urban transport policy, the characteristics of LRMT schemes and the influences on LRMT policies; 2) technical issues: a brief review of some key technical issues inherent in LRMT schemes and their potential impact on PPP design and implementation; 3) incorporating private sector participation in LRMT initiatives: what PPP has to offer, and an overview of the issues and stages public authorities follow to establish successful LRMT PPP arrangements; 4) understanding and managing risk: analyzing and allocating risks and responsibilities among stakeholders in the LRMT scheme and practical ways of designing risk allocation rules; 5) PPP, design, specifications and performance management: setting service standards and specifications and establishing associated costs; developing of performance and payment indicators and managing compliance; 6) funding and finance: large LRMT capital and system maintenance requirements require strong financing arrangements. The practical use of public and private financing mechanisms under PPP arrangement is reviewed; 7) developing a PPP agreement: looking at the main types of PPP agreements, an outline framework for developing the contractual arrangement is developed through re-view of key issues; 8) procurement: reviewing the approaches that the public authority can use to select the private partner; and 9) conclusions. 2012-03-19T09:33:05Z 2012-03-19T09:33:05Z 2010 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000334955_20100219025419 978-0-8213-8085-7 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2416 English CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research :: Publication