Egyptian Women Workers and Entrepreneurs : Maximizing Opportunities in the Economic Sphere

Women are a powerful force for sustainable economic growth. A growing body of microeconomic empirical evidence and emerging macroeconomic analysis shows that gender inequality limits economic growth in developing economies. Research also shows that...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Nasr, Sahar
Format:	Publication
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank 2012
Subjects:	ABSENCE OF WOMEN ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO LAND ACCESS TO MARKETS ACCESS TO TRAINING BANK ACCOUNT BANKING SYSTEM BANKS BARRIERS TO WOMEN BREADWINNER BREADWINNERS BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS BUSINESS EDUCATION BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESS OWNER BUSINESS SUCCESS BUSINESS WOMEN BUSINESSWOMEN CAPACITY BUILDING CAPITAL REQUIREMENT CAPITAL STOCK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CHECKING ACCOUNTS CHILD CARE COLLATERAL COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS COMPENSATION CORRUPTION COURTS CREDIT INFORMATION CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS CREDIT PROVISION CULTURAL NORMS CUSTODY CUSTOM DAYCARE DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS DEPOSIT DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES DIVORCE DOMINANCE E-LEARNING EARNINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC REFORMS ECONOMIC RESOURCES EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYER EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT ENTREPRENEURS EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EQUAL PAY EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY EQUITABLE ACCESS EQUITY CAPITAL EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES FAMILIES FAMILY COURT FAMILY INCOME FAMILY OBLIGATIONS FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES FAMILY WELFARE FEMALE FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE EMPLOYEES FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE ENTERPRISES FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE RESPONDENTS FEMALE WORKERS FEMALES FINANCE ACCESS FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL EXCLUSION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORM FINANCIAL SERVICES FOREIGN FIRMS FORMAL ECONOMY FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION GENDER GENDER ACTION GENDER BARRIERS GENDER BIASES GENDER CHARACTERISTICS GENDER COMPOSITION GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIMENSION GENDER DISPARITIES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER MAINSTREAMING GENDER SEGREGATION GENDER SPECIALIST GIRLS GREATER ACCESS GROUPS OF WOMEN HOME HOUSEHOLD CHORES HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RIGHTS HUSBAND IMMIGRATION INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL WORKERS INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT PLANS JOB SECURITY JUDGE KEY CHALLENGE LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR FORCE SURVEYS LABOR LAW LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LACK OF ACCESS LAWS LEGAL STATUS LEGISLATION LIMITED ACCESS LOAN LOAN APPLICATION LOAN APPLICATION PROCEDURES LOAN-TO-DEPOSIT RATIO MAINSTREAMING GENDER MARKET ECONOMY MARRIED MALE MARRIED WOMEN MATERNITY BENEFITS MATERNITY LEAVE MICRO-ENTERPRISES MICROCREDIT MICROFINANCE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR WOMEN NEEDS OF WOMEN NUTRITION OPEN MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PEACE PERCEPTIONS OF GENDER PERCEPTIONS OF WOMEN POOR WOMEN PREJUDICE PRIVATE CREDIT PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS PRIVATIZATION PRODUCTIVITY PROFESSIONAL WOMEN PROFITABILITY PROPORTION OF WOMEN PROVISION OF CREDIT PROVISION OF FINANCE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN RESERVE REQUIREMENTS ROLE OF WOMEN RURAL WOMEN SAFETY NETS SAVINGS SAVINGS ACCOUNTS SEX SEX SEGREGATION SINGLE WOMAN SINGLE WOMEN SMALL ENTERPRISE SMALL ENTERPRISES SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL FUND SOCIAL INSURANCE START-UP TRADE UNIONS UNDP UNEMPLOYED WOMEN UNEMPLOYMENT UNION UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME UNMARRIED WOMEN UNSKILLED WOMEN UNSKILLED WORKERS URBAN AREAS URBAN DEVELOPMENT WAGE GAP WIFE WILL WIVES WOMAN WOMEN EMPLOYEES WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS WOMEN IN BUSINESS WOMEN IN SOCIETY WOMEN MANAGERS WOMEN WORKERS WORKING CAPITAL WORKING WOMEN
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20100219001740 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2414

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Summary:	Women are a powerful force for sustainable economic growth. A growing body of microeconomic empirical evidence and emerging macroeconomic analysis shows that gender inequality limits economic growth in developing economies. Research also shows that considerable potential for economic growth could be realized if countries support women's full economic participation. Increases in women's income tend to correlate with greater expenditure on family welfare and children, because women often spend a greater share of their income on their children's nutrition, health care, and education. From an economic perspective, removing gender biases and maintaining a level playing field reduces possible market distortions or malfunctioning. Moreover, promoting women's participation in business may bolster women's overall participation in the labor market, because women-owned businesses are more likely to employ other women. This report analyzes the main reasons for this disparity in the Arab Republic of Egypt and proposes solutions to level the playing field and enable women's full economic contributions. The Investment Climate Survey (ICS) of 1,156 enterprises from the manufacturing sector was carried out in October 2008, using the World Bank standard methodology. The recall questionnaire of 566 enterprises was conducted in October 2008. The gender workers module was conducted in August 2005. It sampled about 15 full-time workers from each firm covered by the ICS recall survey. About 70 percent of the ICS sample is made up of small and medium firms, about 85 percent of which are owned by individuals or families. Large firms employing more than 150 workers account for about 30 percent of the sample. In about 35 percent of the sample, a woman is a main shareholder; in 15 percent of these firms, women own the majority of the firm.

Egyptian Women Workers and Entrepreneurs : Maximizing Opportunities in the Economic Sphere

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