The Korean Financial Crisis of 1997 : Onset, Turnaround, and Thereafter

This book chronicles how Korea dealt with and overcame the crisis over time. The book is organized into eleven chapters. Chapter one outlines the troubling financial market conditions at home and abroad before the crisis. Chapter two then delves in...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Lee, Kyu-Sung
Format: Publication
Language:English
Published: World Bank 2012
Subjects:
TAX
Online Access:http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000356161_20110408052735
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2280
id okr-10986-2280
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
topic ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
ALLOCATION OF CAPITAL
ASSET MANAGEMENT
ASSUMPTION OF LIABILITIES
AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
BALANCE SHEETS
BANK BRANCHES
BANK LENDING
BANK SPREAD
BANK SUPERVISION
BANKRUPTCIES
BANKRUPTCY
BASIS POINTS
BENCHMARK STOCK
BENEFICIARY
BIDS
BOND FUNDS
BOND MARKETS
BOND YIELD
BOND YIELDS
BROKERAGE
CAPITAL ACCOUNT
CAPITAL FLOW
CAPITAL INFLOWS
CAPITAL MARKET
CAPITAL MARKET LIBERALIZATION
CAPITAL MARKETS
CASH FLOW
CASH HOLDINGS
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CHECKING ACCOUNTS
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMERCIAL PAPER
CORPORATE BOND
CORPORATE BOND ISSUES
CORPORATE BOND MARKETS
CORPORATE BONDS
CORPORATE CREDIT RISKS
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
CREDIT ACCESS
CREDIT FLOWS
CREDIT GUARANTEE
CREDIT GUARANTEES
CREDIT LINE
CREDIT MARKETS
CREDIT RATING
CREDIT RATINGS
CREDIT-RATING AGENCIES
CREDITOR
CREDITOR BANK
CREDITOR BANKS
CREDITORS
CREDITWORTHINESS
CRISIS COUNTRIES
CURRENCY CRISIS
CURRENCY DEPRECIATION
CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT
CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS
DEBT COMPOSITION
DEBT ISSUES
DEBT PAYMENT
DEBT PAYMENTS
DEBT SECURITIES
DEBTS
DEFAULTS
DEPOSIT
DEPOSIT INSURANCE
DEPOSITORS
DEPOSITS
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DISBURSEMENT
DOMESTIC BANKS
DOMESTIC BOND
DOMESTIC BOND MARKETS
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION
ECONOMIC POLICIES
EMERGING MARKET
EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES
EQUITY FUNDS
EQUITY INVESTMENTS
EQUITY ISSUES
EQUITY MARKETS
EXCESS SUPPLY
EXCHANGE RATES
EXPENDITURES
EXPORTERS
EXTERNAL DEBT
FINANCIAL CRISES
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL RESTRUCTURING
FINANCIAL STABILITY
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
FINANCIAL STRUCTURES
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FLOATING RATE
FOREIGN CAPITAL
FOREIGN CURRENCIES
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN DEBT
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES
FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FOREIGN INVESTORS
FOREIGN LENDERS
FOREIGN MARKETS
FORWARD MARKET
FORWARD MARKETS
GLOBAL BOND
GLOBAL BONDS
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT GUARANTEES
GOVERNMENT POLICY
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
GRACE PERIOD
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
GUARANTEE FUND
HEDGE FUND
HEDGE FUNDS
HOLDING
INFLATION
INFLATIONARY PRESSURES
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE CORPORATION
INTEREST RATE SPREAD
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKING
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM
INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT
INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
INVENTORIES
INVESTMENT CAPITAL
INVESTOR CONFIDENCE
INVESTOR REDEMPTION
LABOR MARKET
LENDERS
LINE OF CREDIT
LINES OF CREDIT
LIQUIDITY
LOCAL CURRENCY
LOCAL LENDERS
LONG-TERM CAPITAL
LONG-TERM INVESTMENT
LONG-TERM LOANS
LOSS OF CONFIDENCE
MACROECONOMIC STABILITY
MARKET CONDITIONS
MARKET CONFIDENCE
MARKET INTEGRATION
MARKET INTEREST RATES
MARKET SHARES
MARKET STABILITY
MATURITY
MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS
MONETARY AUTHORITIES
MONETARY FUND
NET DEBT
NONPERFORMING LOAN
NONPERFORMING LOANS
OUTSTANDING LOANS
OVERSEAS DEBT
PAYMENT OBLIGATIONS
POLICY RESPONSES
PORTFOLIO
PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS
PUBLIC FUNDS
REAL EXCHANGE RATE
REAL INTEREST
REAL INTEREST RATE
REDEMPTION DEMAND
REPAYMENT
REPAYMENTS
RESERVE
RESERVES
RETURN
RULE OF LAW
SAFETY NET
SAMURAI BOND
SECURITIES
SECURITIES DEALERS
SETTLEMENT
SHORT-TERM BORROWING
SHORT-TERM EXTERNAL DEBT
SHORT-TERM LIQUIDITY
SMALL INVESTORS
SOVEREIGN RATING
SOVEREIGN RATINGS
SPOT MARKET
STOCK MARKET
STOCK MARKETS
STOCKS
SUBSIDIARY
SUPERVISORY AUTHORITIES
SUPERVISORY AUTHORITY
SWAP
TAX
TAX COLLECTION
TRADE BALANCE
TRADE UNIONS
TRADING
TRANSPARENCY
TREASURY
TREASURY BONDS
TREASURY YIELDS
spellingShingle ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
ALLOCATION OF CAPITAL
ASSET MANAGEMENT
ASSUMPTION OF LIABILITIES
AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
BALANCE SHEETS
BANK BRANCHES
BANK LENDING
BANK SPREAD
BANK SUPERVISION
BANKRUPTCIES
BANKRUPTCY
BASIS POINTS
BENCHMARK STOCK
BENEFICIARY
BIDS
BOND FUNDS
BOND MARKETS
BOND YIELD
BOND YIELDS
BROKERAGE
CAPITAL ACCOUNT
CAPITAL FLOW
CAPITAL INFLOWS
CAPITAL MARKET
CAPITAL MARKET LIBERALIZATION
CAPITAL MARKETS
CASH FLOW
CASH HOLDINGS
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CHECKING ACCOUNTS
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMERCIAL PAPER
CORPORATE BOND
CORPORATE BOND ISSUES
CORPORATE BOND MARKETS
CORPORATE BONDS
CORPORATE CREDIT RISKS
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
CREDIT ACCESS
CREDIT FLOWS
CREDIT GUARANTEE
CREDIT GUARANTEES
CREDIT LINE
CREDIT MARKETS
CREDIT RATING
CREDIT RATINGS
CREDIT-RATING AGENCIES
CREDITOR
CREDITOR BANK
CREDITOR BANKS
CREDITORS
CREDITWORTHINESS
CRISIS COUNTRIES
CURRENCY CRISIS
CURRENCY DEPRECIATION
CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT
CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS
DEBT COMPOSITION
DEBT ISSUES
DEBT PAYMENT
DEBT PAYMENTS
DEBT SECURITIES
DEBTS
DEFAULTS
DEPOSIT
DEPOSIT INSURANCE
DEPOSITORS
DEPOSITS
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DISBURSEMENT
DOMESTIC BANKS
DOMESTIC BOND
DOMESTIC BOND MARKETS
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION
ECONOMIC POLICIES
EMERGING MARKET
EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES
EQUITY FUNDS
EQUITY INVESTMENTS
EQUITY ISSUES
EQUITY MARKETS
EXCESS SUPPLY
EXCHANGE RATES
EXPENDITURES
EXPORTERS
EXTERNAL DEBT
FINANCIAL CRISES
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL RESTRUCTURING
FINANCIAL STABILITY
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
FINANCIAL STRUCTURES
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FLOATING RATE
FOREIGN CAPITAL
FOREIGN CURRENCIES
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN DEBT
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES
FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FOREIGN INVESTORS
FOREIGN LENDERS
FOREIGN MARKETS
FORWARD MARKET
FORWARD MARKETS
GLOBAL BOND
GLOBAL BONDS
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT GUARANTEES
GOVERNMENT POLICY
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
GRACE PERIOD
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
GUARANTEE FUND
HEDGE FUND
HEDGE FUNDS
HOLDING
INFLATION
INFLATIONARY PRESSURES
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE CORPORATION
INTEREST RATE SPREAD
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKING
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM
INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT
INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
INVENTORIES
INVESTMENT CAPITAL
INVESTOR CONFIDENCE
INVESTOR REDEMPTION
LABOR MARKET
LENDERS
LINE OF CREDIT
LINES OF CREDIT
LIQUIDITY
LOCAL CURRENCY
LOCAL LENDERS
LONG-TERM CAPITAL
LONG-TERM INVESTMENT
LONG-TERM LOANS
LOSS OF CONFIDENCE
MACROECONOMIC STABILITY
MARKET CONDITIONS
MARKET CONFIDENCE
MARKET INTEGRATION
MARKET INTEREST RATES
MARKET SHARES
MARKET STABILITY
MATURITY
MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS
MONETARY AUTHORITIES
MONETARY FUND
NET DEBT
NONPERFORMING LOAN
NONPERFORMING LOANS
OUTSTANDING LOANS
OVERSEAS DEBT
PAYMENT OBLIGATIONS
POLICY RESPONSES
PORTFOLIO
PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS
PUBLIC FUNDS
REAL EXCHANGE RATE
REAL INTEREST
REAL INTEREST RATE
REDEMPTION DEMAND
REPAYMENT
REPAYMENTS
RESERVE
RESERVES
RETURN
RULE OF LAW
SAFETY NET
SAMURAI BOND
SECURITIES
SECURITIES DEALERS
SETTLEMENT
SHORT-TERM BORROWING
SHORT-TERM EXTERNAL DEBT
SHORT-TERM LIQUIDITY
SMALL INVESTORS
SOVEREIGN RATING
SOVEREIGN RATINGS
SPOT MARKET
STOCK MARKET
STOCK MARKETS
STOCKS
SUBSIDIARY
SUPERVISORY AUTHORITIES
SUPERVISORY AUTHORITY
SWAP
TAX
TAX COLLECTION
TRADE BALANCE
TRADE UNIONS
TRADING
TRANSPARENCY
TREASURY
TREASURY BONDS
TREASURY YIELDS
Lee, Kyu-Sung
The Korean Financial Crisis of 1997 : Onset, Turnaround, and Thereafter
geographic_facet East Asia and Pacific
East Asia
Asia
Korea, Republic of
description This book chronicles how Korea dealt with and overcame the crisis over time. The book is organized into eleven chapters. Chapter one outlines the troubling financial market conditions at home and abroad before the crisis. Chapter two then delves into the origin of the crisis and offers analyses on the shortcomings of the Korean economy and the instability of the international financial system. In chapter three, policy measures the government executed in the wake of the onset of the crisis are described and analyzed. Chapter four probes the steps taken to reduce the risk of sovereign insolvency in the face of the cool market reaction to the initial package of crisis response measures announced by the International Monetary Fund in December 1997. Chapter five describes the background within which the government established the institutional framework necessary for corporate, financial, and labor market restructuring between December 1997 and April 1998. The government efforts to secure additional foreign currency liquidity through the markets and to devise initiatives to counter the massive unemployment are discussed in detail. In chapter six, the situation during May and June 1998 is explored with a focus on the closure of nonviable corporate and financial companies and the efforts to drive down interest rates and revive credit flows. This is followed, in chapter seven, by an analysis of the first phase of financial sector restructuring, which started in the third quarter of 1998, and the measures adopted to shore up potential growth and cope with the pressing problem of unemployment. Chapters eight and nine deal separately with the restructuring of the top five chaebols (the large family-controlled and family-run groups that dominate business in Korea), the economic stimulus packages applied during the fourth quarter of 1998, the efforts to restore financial market stability and economic growth, and the initial phase of foreign exchange liberalization measures, which were implemented during the first half of 1999. Chapter ten then discusses the situation during the second half of 1999, with a particular focus on the collapse of the Daewoo business group, including the steps taken to contain the resulting fallout, as well as measures aimed at expanding the economic recovery. Chapter eleven, the final chapter, offers a diagnosis of the Korean economy, along with an analysis of the policy implications and the responses for the future.
format Publications & Research :: Publication
author Lee, Kyu-Sung
author_facet Lee, Kyu-Sung
author_sort Lee, Kyu-Sung
title The Korean Financial Crisis of 1997 : Onset, Turnaround, and Thereafter
title_short The Korean Financial Crisis of 1997 : Onset, Turnaround, and Thereafter
title_full The Korean Financial Crisis of 1997 : Onset, Turnaround, and Thereafter
title_fullStr The Korean Financial Crisis of 1997 : Onset, Turnaround, and Thereafter
title_full_unstemmed The Korean Financial Crisis of 1997 : Onset, Turnaround, and Thereafter
title_sort korean financial crisis of 1997 : onset, turnaround, and thereafter
publisher World Bank
publishDate 2012
url http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000356161_20110408052735
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2280
_version_ 1764385171414450176
spelling okr-10986-22802021-04-23T14:02:00Z The Korean Financial Crisis of 1997 : Onset, Turnaround, and Thereafter Lee, Kyu-Sung ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ALLOCATION OF CAPITAL ASSET MANAGEMENT ASSUMPTION OF LIABILITIES AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BALANCE SHEETS BANK BRANCHES BANK LENDING BANK SPREAD BANK SUPERVISION BANKRUPTCIES BANKRUPTCY BASIS POINTS BENCHMARK STOCK BENEFICIARY BIDS BOND FUNDS BOND MARKETS BOND YIELD BOND YIELDS BROKERAGE CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL FLOW CAPITAL INFLOWS CAPITAL MARKET CAPITAL MARKET LIBERALIZATION CAPITAL MARKETS CASH FLOW CASH HOLDINGS CENTRAL BANK CENTRAL BANKS CHECKING ACCOUNTS COMMERCIAL BANK COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMERCIAL PAPER CORPORATE BOND CORPORATE BOND ISSUES CORPORATE BOND MARKETS CORPORATE BONDS CORPORATE CREDIT RISKS CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CREDIT ACCESS CREDIT FLOWS CREDIT GUARANTEE CREDIT GUARANTEES CREDIT LINE CREDIT MARKETS CREDIT RATING CREDIT RATINGS CREDIT-RATING AGENCIES CREDITOR CREDITOR BANK CREDITOR BANKS CREDITORS CREDITWORTHINESS CRISIS COUNTRIES CURRENCY CRISIS CURRENCY DEPRECIATION CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS DEBT COMPOSITION DEBT ISSUES DEBT PAYMENT DEBT PAYMENTS DEBT SECURITIES DEBTS DEFAULTS DEPOSIT DEPOSIT INSURANCE DEPOSITORS DEPOSITS DEVELOPMENT BANK DISBURSEMENT DOMESTIC BANKS DOMESTIC BOND DOMESTIC BOND MARKETS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION ECONOMIC POLICIES EMERGING MARKET EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES EQUITY FUNDS EQUITY INVESTMENTS EQUITY ISSUES EQUITY MARKETS EXCESS SUPPLY EXCHANGE RATES EXPENDITURES EXPORTERS EXTERNAL DEBT FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL MARKET FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL RESTRUCTURING FINANCIAL STABILITY FINANCIAL STATEMENT FINANCIAL STRUCTURES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FLOATING RATE FOREIGN CAPITAL FOREIGN CURRENCIES FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN DEBT FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN LENDERS FOREIGN MARKETS FORWARD MARKET FORWARD MARKETS GLOBAL BOND GLOBAL BONDS GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT GUARANTEES GOVERNMENT POLICY GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GRACE PERIOD GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GUARANTEE FUND HEDGE FUND HEDGE FUNDS HOLDING INFLATION INFLATIONARY PRESSURES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INSTRUMENT INSURANCE CORPORATION INTEREST RATE SPREAD INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL BANKING INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS INVENTORIES INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTOR CONFIDENCE INVESTOR REDEMPTION LABOR MARKET LENDERS LINE OF CREDIT LINES OF CREDIT LIQUIDITY LOCAL CURRENCY LOCAL LENDERS LONG-TERM CAPITAL LONG-TERM INVESTMENT LONG-TERM LOANS LOSS OF CONFIDENCE MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MARKET CONDITIONS MARKET CONFIDENCE MARKET INTEGRATION MARKET INTEREST RATES MARKET SHARES MARKET STABILITY MATURITY MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS MONETARY AUTHORITIES MONETARY FUND NET DEBT NONPERFORMING LOAN NONPERFORMING LOANS OUTSTANDING LOANS OVERSEAS DEBT PAYMENT OBLIGATIONS POLICY RESPONSES PORTFOLIO PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS PUBLIC FUNDS REAL EXCHANGE RATE REAL INTEREST REAL INTEREST RATE REDEMPTION DEMAND REPAYMENT REPAYMENTS RESERVE RESERVES RETURN RULE OF LAW SAFETY NET SAMURAI BOND SECURITIES SECURITIES DEALERS SETTLEMENT SHORT-TERM BORROWING SHORT-TERM EXTERNAL DEBT SHORT-TERM LIQUIDITY SMALL INVESTORS SOVEREIGN RATING SOVEREIGN RATINGS SPOT MARKET STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKETS STOCKS SUBSIDIARY SUPERVISORY AUTHORITIES SUPERVISORY AUTHORITY SWAP TAX TAX COLLECTION TRADE BALANCE TRADE UNIONS TRADING TRANSPARENCY TREASURY TREASURY BONDS TREASURY YIELDS This book chronicles how Korea dealt with and overcame the crisis over time. The book is organized into eleven chapters. Chapter one outlines the troubling financial market conditions at home and abroad before the crisis. Chapter two then delves into the origin of the crisis and offers analyses on the shortcomings of the Korean economy and the instability of the international financial system. In chapter three, policy measures the government executed in the wake of the onset of the crisis are described and analyzed. Chapter four probes the steps taken to reduce the risk of sovereign insolvency in the face of the cool market reaction to the initial package of crisis response measures announced by the International Monetary Fund in December 1997. Chapter five describes the background within which the government established the institutional framework necessary for corporate, financial, and labor market restructuring between December 1997 and April 1998. The government efforts to secure additional foreign currency liquidity through the markets and to devise initiatives to counter the massive unemployment are discussed in detail. In chapter six, the situation during May and June 1998 is explored with a focus on the closure of nonviable corporate and financial companies and the efforts to drive down interest rates and revive credit flows. This is followed, in chapter seven, by an analysis of the first phase of financial sector restructuring, which started in the third quarter of 1998, and the measures adopted to shore up potential growth and cope with the pressing problem of unemployment. Chapters eight and nine deal separately with the restructuring of the top five chaebols (the large family-controlled and family-run groups that dominate business in Korea), the economic stimulus packages applied during the fourth quarter of 1998, the efforts to restore financial market stability and economic growth, and the initial phase of foreign exchange liberalization measures, which were implemented during the first half of 1999. Chapter ten then discusses the situation during the second half of 1999, with a particular focus on the collapse of the Daewoo business group, including the steps taken to contain the resulting fallout, as well as measures aimed at expanding the economic recovery. Chapter eleven, the final chapter, offers a diagnosis of the Korean economy, along with an analysis of the policy implications and the responses for the future. 2012-03-19T09:03:07Z 2012-03-19T09:03:07Z 2011 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000356161_20110408052735 978-0-8213-8239-4 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2280 English CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research :: Publication East Asia and Pacific East Asia Asia Korea, Republic of