Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam
Vietnam's ethnic minorities, who tend to live mostly in remote rural areas, typically have lower living standards than the ethnic majority. How much is this because of differences in economic characteristics (such as education levels and land)...
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| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2015
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/03/437905/sources-ethnic-inequality-vietnam http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22315 |
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okr-10986-22315 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGRICULTURE CASE STUDIES COMMODITIES COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS COMMUNITY LEVEL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CROPS CURRICULA DATA COLLECTION DATA SET DECENTRALIZATION DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS DEMOGRAPHICS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ECONOMIC DATA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EDUCATION SERVICES EDUCATION SYSTEM EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ESCAPE POVERTY ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS EXTERNALITIES FARMERS FISH FOREST PRODUCTS GENDER GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS GEOGRAPHICAL AREA GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE HEALTH CARE HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LABOR HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME GENERATION INCOME INEQUALITY INCOMES INDIVIDUAL LIVING STANDARDS INFORMAL SECTORS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LIVELIHOODS LIVING STANDARDS LIVING STANDARDS MEASUREMENT LOCAL REALITIES LOW INCOME MARKET ECONOMY MARKET MECHANISM MINORITY GROUPS NEGATIVE IMPACT NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY MAKING POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESPONSE POLITICAL INFLUENCE POOR AREAS POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES PRIMARY EDUCATION PUBLIC SERVICES RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ECONOMY RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SHORT TERM SOCIAL EXCLUSION STATISTICAL OFFICE SURVIVAL STRATEGIES TEACHERS TECHNICAL SUPPORT UNIVERSITY EDUCATION URBAN AREAS WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGES WORK EXPERIENCE |
| spellingShingle |
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGRICULTURE CASE STUDIES COMMODITIES COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS COMMUNITY LEVEL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CROPS CURRICULA DATA COLLECTION DATA SET DECENTRALIZATION DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS DEMOGRAPHICS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ECONOMIC DATA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EDUCATION SERVICES EDUCATION SYSTEM EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ESCAPE POVERTY ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS EXTERNALITIES FARMERS FISH FOREST PRODUCTS GENDER GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS GEOGRAPHICAL AREA GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE HEALTH CARE HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LABOR HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME GENERATION INCOME INEQUALITY INCOMES INDIVIDUAL LIVING STANDARDS INFORMAL SECTORS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LIVELIHOODS LIVING STANDARDS LIVING STANDARDS MEASUREMENT LOCAL REALITIES LOW INCOME MARKET ECONOMY MARKET MECHANISM MINORITY GROUPS NEGATIVE IMPACT NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY MAKING POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESPONSE POLITICAL INFLUENCE POOR AREAS POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES PRIMARY EDUCATION PUBLIC SERVICES RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ECONOMY RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SHORT TERM SOCIAL EXCLUSION STATISTICAL OFFICE SURVIVAL STRATEGIES TEACHERS TECHNICAL SUPPORT UNIVERSITY EDUCATION URBAN AREAS WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGES WORK EXPERIENCE van de Walle, Dominique Gunewardena, Dileni Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam |
| geographic_facet |
East Asia and Pacific Vietnam |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2297 |
| description |
Vietnam's ethnic minorities, who tend to
live mostly in remote rural areas, typically have lower
living standards than the ethnic majority. How much is this
because of differences in economic characteristics (such as
education levels and land) rather than low returns to
characteristics? Is there a self-reinforcing culture of
poverty in the minority groups, reflecting patterns of past
discrimination? The authors find that differences in levels
of living are due in part to the fact that the minorities
live in less productive areas characterized by difficult
terrain, poor infrastructure, less access to off-farm work
and the market economy, and inferior access to education.
Geographic disparities tend to persist because of immobility
and regional differences in living standards. But the
authors also find large differences within geographical
areas even after controlling for household characteristics.
They find differences in returns to productive
characteristics to be the most important explanation for
ethnic inequality. But the minorities do not obtain lower
returns to all characteristics. There is evidence of
compensating behavior. For example, pure returns to
location--even in remote, inhospitable areas--tend to be
higher for minorities, though not high enough to overcome
the large consumption difference with the majority. The
majority ethnic groups' model of income generation is a poor
guide on how to fight poverty among ethnic minority groups.
Nor is it enough to target poor areas to redress ethnic
inequality. Policies must be designed to reach minority
households in poor areas and to explicitly recognize
behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that
have served the minorities well in the short term but
intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. It will be
important to open up options for minority groups both by
ensuring that they are not disadvantaged (in labor markets,
for example), and by changing the conditions that have
caused their isolation and social exclusion. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| author |
van de Walle, Dominique Gunewardena, Dileni |
| author_facet |
van de Walle, Dominique Gunewardena, Dileni |
| author_sort |
van de Walle, Dominique |
| title |
Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam |
| title_short |
Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam |
| title_full |
Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam |
| title_fullStr |
Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam |
| title_sort |
sources of ethnic inequality in vietnam |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/03/437905/sources-ethnic-inequality-vietnam http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22315 |
| _version_ |
1764450611864010752 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-223152021-04-23T14:04:07Z Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam van de Walle, Dominique Gunewardena, Dileni AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGRICULTURE CASE STUDIES COMMODITIES COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS COMMUNITY LEVEL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CROPS CURRICULA DATA COLLECTION DATA SET DECENTRALIZATION DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS DEMOGRAPHICS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ECONOMIC DATA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EDUCATION SERVICES EDUCATION SYSTEM EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ESCAPE POVERTY ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS EXTERNALITIES FARMERS FISH FOREST PRODUCTS GENDER GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS GEOGRAPHICAL AREA GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE HEALTH CARE HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LABOR HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME GENERATION INCOME INEQUALITY INCOMES INDIVIDUAL LIVING STANDARDS INFORMAL SECTORS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LIVELIHOODS LIVING STANDARDS LIVING STANDARDS MEASUREMENT LOCAL REALITIES LOW INCOME MARKET ECONOMY MARKET MECHANISM MINORITY GROUPS NEGATIVE IMPACT NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY MAKING POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESPONSE POLITICAL INFLUENCE POOR AREAS POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES PRIMARY EDUCATION PUBLIC SERVICES RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ECONOMY RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SHORT TERM SOCIAL EXCLUSION STATISTICAL OFFICE SURVIVAL STRATEGIES TEACHERS TECHNICAL SUPPORT UNIVERSITY EDUCATION URBAN AREAS WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGES WORK EXPERIENCE Vietnam's ethnic minorities, who tend to live mostly in remote rural areas, typically have lower living standards than the ethnic majority. How much is this because of differences in economic characteristics (such as education levels and land) rather than low returns to characteristics? Is there a self-reinforcing culture of poverty in the minority groups, reflecting patterns of past discrimination? The authors find that differences in levels of living are due in part to the fact that the minorities live in less productive areas characterized by difficult terrain, poor infrastructure, less access to off-farm work and the market economy, and inferior access to education. Geographic disparities tend to persist because of immobility and regional differences in living standards. But the authors also find large differences within geographical areas even after controlling for household characteristics. They find differences in returns to productive characteristics to be the most important explanation for ethnic inequality. But the minorities do not obtain lower returns to all characteristics. There is evidence of compensating behavior. For example, pure returns to location--even in remote, inhospitable areas--tend to be higher for minorities, though not high enough to overcome the large consumption difference with the majority. The majority ethnic groups' model of income generation is a poor guide on how to fight poverty among ethnic minority groups. Nor is it enough to target poor areas to redress ethnic inequality. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas and to explicitly recognize behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that have served the minorities well in the short term but intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. It will be important to open up options for minority groups both by ensuring that they are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), and by changing the conditions that have caused their isolation and social exclusion. 2015-07-28T18:36:29Z 2015-07-28T18:36:29Z 2000-03 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/03/437905/sources-ethnic-inequality-vietnam http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22315 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2297 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper East Asia and Pacific Vietnam |