An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia
According to Myint's "vent-for-surplus" theory, development of the economies of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand from the nineteenth century on depended on the natural advantage of large tracts of unused "empty land"...
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| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2015
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/03/437870/ecological-historical-perspective-agricultural-development-southeast-asia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22312 |
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okr-10986-22312 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
AGRIBUSINESS AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AGRICULTURAL LABOR AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND BANANAS CASH CROPS CINNAMON COASTAL PLAINS COASTS COCOA COCONUTS COFFEE COMMODITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONTRACT FARMING COPRA COTTAGE INDUSTRIES COTTON CROP CROP PRODUCTION CROPLAND CROPPING CULTIVABLE LAND CULTIVATED LAND DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISEASES DRAINAGE DRY SEASON ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ECOLOGICAL FACTORS ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EQUIPMENT ESTATE CROPS EXPLOITATION EXPORT CROPS FAO FARM FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM INCOME FARM LAND FARMER FARMERS FARMING FARMS FLOOD PLAINS FLOODING FOOD CROPS FRUITS GNP GREEN REVOLUTION HARVESTING IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INTEGRATION IRRIGATION IRRIGATION SYSTEMS LABOR FORCE LAMB LAND ACCESS LAND DISTRIBUTION LAND OWNERSHIP LAND PRODUCTIVITY LAND REFORM LAND RESOURCES LANDS LONG-TERM CONTRACTS MAIZE MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY MARKETING MULTIPLE CROPPING NATURAL RESOURCES OIL OPPORTUNITY COSTS PALM OIL PEPPER PLANTATION PLANTATIONS PLANTING POTATOES PRIVATE PROPERTY PRODUCE PRODUCERS PRODUCT QUALITY PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS PRODUCTIVITY OF LAND PROPERTY RIGHTS QUALITY STANDARDS RAINFALL RAINFED FARMING RESEARCH AGENDA RESERVOIR RESOURCE ALLOCATION RICE RICE AREAS RICE CULTIVATION RICE PRODUCTION RICE VARIETIES ROOTS RURAL DEVELOPMENT SEEDLINGS SHIFTING CULTIVATION STRATIFICATION STREAMS SUGAR SUGAR CANE SUGARCANE TEA TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS TERRACING TEXTILES TREE CROPS TREES TROPICAL CROPS TROPICAL PRODUCTS TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS UPLAND FORESTS UPLAND RICE WAGES WATER SUPPLY |
| spellingShingle |
AGRIBUSINESS AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AGRICULTURAL LABOR AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND BANANAS CASH CROPS CINNAMON COASTAL PLAINS COASTS COCOA COCONUTS COFFEE COMMODITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONTRACT FARMING COPRA COTTAGE INDUSTRIES COTTON CROP CROP PRODUCTION CROPLAND CROPPING CULTIVABLE LAND CULTIVATED LAND DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISEASES DRAINAGE DRY SEASON ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ECOLOGICAL FACTORS ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EQUIPMENT ESTATE CROPS EXPLOITATION EXPORT CROPS FAO FARM FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM INCOME FARM LAND FARMER FARMERS FARMING FARMS FLOOD PLAINS FLOODING FOOD CROPS FRUITS GNP GREEN REVOLUTION HARVESTING IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INTEGRATION IRRIGATION IRRIGATION SYSTEMS LABOR FORCE LAMB LAND ACCESS LAND DISTRIBUTION LAND OWNERSHIP LAND PRODUCTIVITY LAND REFORM LAND RESOURCES LANDS LONG-TERM CONTRACTS MAIZE MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY MARKETING MULTIPLE CROPPING NATURAL RESOURCES OIL OPPORTUNITY COSTS PALM OIL PEPPER PLANTATION PLANTATIONS PLANTING POTATOES PRIVATE PROPERTY PRODUCE PRODUCERS PRODUCT QUALITY PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS PRODUCTIVITY OF LAND PROPERTY RIGHTS QUALITY STANDARDS RAINFALL RAINFED FARMING RESEARCH AGENDA RESERVOIR RESOURCE ALLOCATION RICE RICE AREAS RICE CULTIVATION RICE PRODUCTION RICE VARIETIES ROOTS RURAL DEVELOPMENT SEEDLINGS SHIFTING CULTIVATION STRATIFICATION STREAMS SUGAR SUGAR CANE SUGARCANE TEA TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS TERRACING TEXTILES TREE CROPS TREES TROPICAL CROPS TROPICAL PRODUCTS TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS UPLAND FORESTS UPLAND RICE WAGES WATER SUPPLY Hayami, Yujiro An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia |
| geographic_facet |
East Asia and Pacific Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2296 |
| description |
According to Myint's "vent-for-surplus"
theory, development of the economies of Indonesia, the
Philippines, and Thailand from the nineteenth century on
depended on the natural advantage of large tracts of unused
"empty land" with low population density and abundant natural
resources of the type typically found in Southeast Asia and
Africa at the outset of Western colonization. When these
economies were integrated into international trade, hitherto
unused natural resources (primary commodities the indigenous
people had not valued) became the source of economic
development, commanding market value because of high import
demand in Western economies.
The major delta of Chao Phraya
River was the resource base of vent-for-surplus development
with rice in Thailand; tropical rain forests filled that
role in Indonesia and the Philippines with respect to the
production of tropical cash crops. This basic difference
underlay differences in the distribution of farm size: the
unimodal distribution of peasants or family farms in
Thailand and the coexistence of peasants and large estate
farms or plantations specializing in tropical export crops
in Indonesia and the Philippines. Differences in agrarian
development were also shaped by different policies toward
the elites preemption of unused land. Under Spanish
colonialism, the elite preempted unused land in the
Philippines wholesale, bifurcating land distribution between
non-cultivating landlords and sharecroppers in lowland rice
areas, and between plantation owners and wage laborers in
upland areas. In Indonesia, the Dutch government granted
long-term leases for uncultivated public land to foreign
planters, but prevented alienation of cultivated land from
native peasants, to avoid social instability. In Thailand,
concessions were granted for private canal building, but the
independent kingdom preserved the tradition of giving land
to anyone who could open and cultivate it. Relatively
homogenous land-owning peasants dominated Thailand's rural
sector. As frontiers for new cultivation closed, the
plantation systems initial advantage (large-scale
development of land and infrastructure) began to be
outweighed by its need to monitor hired labor. The peasant
system, based on family labor needing no supervision,
allowed Thailand's share of the world market in tropical cash
crops to grow, as Indonesia and the Philippines lost their
traditional comparative advantage. Moreover, land reform in
the Philippines made land markets inactive, with resulting
distortions in resource allocation and serious
underinvestment in agriculture. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| author |
Hayami, Yujiro |
| author_facet |
Hayami, Yujiro |
| author_sort |
Hayami, Yujiro |
| title |
An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia |
| title_short |
An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia |
| title_full |
An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia |
| title_fullStr |
An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia |
| title_sort |
ecological and historical perspective on agricultural development in southeast asia |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/03/437870/ecological-historical-perspective-agricultural-development-southeast-asia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22312 |
| _version_ |
1764450603851841536 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-223122021-04-23T14:04:07Z An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia Hayami, Yujiro AGRIBUSINESS AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AGRICULTURAL LABOR AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND BANANAS CASH CROPS CINNAMON COASTAL PLAINS COASTS COCOA COCONUTS COFFEE COMMODITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONTRACT FARMING COPRA COTTAGE INDUSTRIES COTTON CROP CROP PRODUCTION CROPLAND CROPPING CULTIVABLE LAND CULTIVATED LAND DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISEASES DRAINAGE DRY SEASON ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ECOLOGICAL FACTORS ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EQUIPMENT ESTATE CROPS EXPLOITATION EXPORT CROPS FAO FARM FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM INCOME FARM LAND FARMER FARMERS FARMING FARMS FLOOD PLAINS FLOODING FOOD CROPS FRUITS GNP GREEN REVOLUTION HARVESTING IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INTEGRATION IRRIGATION IRRIGATION SYSTEMS LABOR FORCE LAMB LAND ACCESS LAND DISTRIBUTION LAND OWNERSHIP LAND PRODUCTIVITY LAND REFORM LAND RESOURCES LANDS LONG-TERM CONTRACTS MAIZE MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY MARKETING MULTIPLE CROPPING NATURAL RESOURCES OIL OPPORTUNITY COSTS PALM OIL PEPPER PLANTATION PLANTATIONS PLANTING POTATOES PRIVATE PROPERTY PRODUCE PRODUCERS PRODUCT QUALITY PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS PRODUCTIVITY OF LAND PROPERTY RIGHTS QUALITY STANDARDS RAINFALL RAINFED FARMING RESEARCH AGENDA RESERVOIR RESOURCE ALLOCATION RICE RICE AREAS RICE CULTIVATION RICE PRODUCTION RICE VARIETIES ROOTS RURAL DEVELOPMENT SEEDLINGS SHIFTING CULTIVATION STRATIFICATION STREAMS SUGAR SUGAR CANE SUGARCANE TEA TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS TERRACING TEXTILES TREE CROPS TREES TROPICAL CROPS TROPICAL PRODUCTS TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS UPLAND FORESTS UPLAND RICE WAGES WATER SUPPLY According to Myint's "vent-for-surplus" theory, development of the economies of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand from the nineteenth century on depended on the natural advantage of large tracts of unused "empty land" with low population density and abundant natural resources of the type typically found in Southeast Asia and Africa at the outset of Western colonization. When these economies were integrated into international trade, hitherto unused natural resources (primary commodities the indigenous people had not valued) became the source of economic development, commanding market value because of high import demand in Western economies. The major delta of Chao Phraya River was the resource base of vent-for-surplus development with rice in Thailand; tropical rain forests filled that role in Indonesia and the Philippines with respect to the production of tropical cash crops. This basic difference underlay differences in the distribution of farm size: the unimodal distribution of peasants or family farms in Thailand and the coexistence of peasants and large estate farms or plantations specializing in tropical export crops in Indonesia and the Philippines. Differences in agrarian development were also shaped by different policies toward the elites preemption of unused land. Under Spanish colonialism, the elite preempted unused land in the Philippines wholesale, bifurcating land distribution between non-cultivating landlords and sharecroppers in lowland rice areas, and between plantation owners and wage laborers in upland areas. In Indonesia, the Dutch government granted long-term leases for uncultivated public land to foreign planters, but prevented alienation of cultivated land from native peasants, to avoid social instability. In Thailand, concessions were granted for private canal building, but the independent kingdom preserved the tradition of giving land to anyone who could open and cultivate it. Relatively homogenous land-owning peasants dominated Thailand's rural sector. As frontiers for new cultivation closed, the plantation systems initial advantage (large-scale development of land and infrastructure) began to be outweighed by its need to monitor hired labor. The peasant system, based on family labor needing no supervision, allowed Thailand's share of the world market in tropical cash crops to grow, as Indonesia and the Philippines lost their traditional comparative advantage. Moreover, land reform in the Philippines made land markets inactive, with resulting distortions in resource allocation and serious underinvestment in agriculture. 2015-07-28T18:20:23Z 2015-07-28T18:20:23Z 2000-03 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/03/437870/ecological-historical-perspective-agricultural-development-southeast-asia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22312 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2296 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper East Asia and Pacific Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam |