Hukou and Highways : The Impact of China’s Spatial Development Policies on Urbanization and Regional Inequality
China has used two main spatial policies to shape its geographic patterns of development: restricted labor mobility through the Hukou residential registration system and massive infrastructure investment, notably a 96,000 kilometer national express...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
| Published: |
World Bank, Washington, DC
2015
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/06/24738063/hukou-highways-impact-china’s-spatial-development-policies-urbanization-regional-inequality http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22231 |
| id |
okr-10986-22231 |
|---|---|
| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| spelling |
okr-10986-222312021-04-23T14:04:07Z Hukou and Highways : The Impact of China’s Spatial Development Policies on Urbanization and Regional Inequality Bosker, Maarten Deichmann, Uwe Roberts, Mark LIVING STANDARDS TRANSPORT SECTOR CITY TRANSPORT POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ECONOMIC GROWTH URBANIZATION BIG CITIES RAIL NETWORK FLOW OF MIGRANTS TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORTATION COSTS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC SERVICES HEALTH CARE RURAL TRANSPORT POLICY DISCUSSIONS REDUCTION IN TRAVEL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES RAILWAY LINES HIGHWAY SYSTEM PUBLICATIONS RURAL POPULATION CHANGE IN POPULATION AIR POPULATION SIZE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS SPEEDS KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT URBAN MIGRATION TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS ROAD CHINESE POPULATION COSTS ROAD NETWORK EQUAL RIGHTS POTENTIAL MIGRANTS TRANSPORT POPULATION GROWTH INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM INCOME INEQUALITY MOBILITY AIR CONDITIONING RING ROADS INDUSTRIALIZATION CITIZEN MIGRATION POLLUTION SERVICE PROVISION CULTURAL CHANGE TRAVEL TIMES SERVICE DELIVERY MIGRANTS NATURAL RESOURCES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ROUTE URBAN DWELLERS INFRASTRUCTURE LAND USE RESPECT PROGRESS INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MIGRATION FLOWS UNEMPLOYMENT HUMAN CAPITAL CONGESTION DRIVING MIGRANT TRAVEL TRANSPORTATION POLICIES INTERNATIONAL TRADE POPULATION CHANGES POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER CONGESTION COSTS POLICY MAKERS ELASTICITIES CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE LARGE CITIES TRAINS ACCESSIBILITY POPULATION DENSITY URBAN AREAS HIGH SPEED RAIL NETWORK POPULATIONS HIGHWAY NETWORK RAILWAY HIGHWAYS URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICY CITIZENS ROADS MIGRATION POLICIES SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES RURAL RESIDENTS HIGHWAY MINORITY ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES RESIDENCE STATUS NATURAL GAS RAILWAYS POPULATION MOVEMENTS ECONOMIES OF SCALE RESOLUTION INVESTMENT SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION RURAL AREAS HIGH SPEED RAIL RAIL INTERNAL MIGRATION MIGRATION STATISTICS POPULATION INVESTMENTS POLICY RESEARCH URBAN POPULATIONS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY TRANSPORT COSTS REMITTANCES PUBLIC SERVICE TRAVEL TIME URBAN POPULATION POPULATION INCREASES HEALTH SERVICES AVERAGE TRAVEL TIME EXPRESSWAYS DEVELOPMENT POLICY China has used two main spatial policies to shape its geographic patterns of development: restricted labor mobility through the Hukou residential registration system and massive infrastructure investment, notably a 96,000 kilometer national expressway network. This paper develops a structural new economic geography model to examine the impacts of these policies. Fitting the model to available data allows simulating counterfactual scenarios comparing each policy’s respective impact on regional economic development and urbanization patterns across China. The results suggest large overall economic benefits from constructing the national expressway network and abolishing the Hukou system. Yet, the spatial impacts of the two policies are very different. The construction of the national expressway network reinforced existing urbanization patterns. The initially lagging regions not connected to the network have not benefitted much from its construction. By contrast, removal of the Hukou restrictions, which Chinese policy makers are considering, would result in much more widespread welfare gains, allowing everyone to gain by moving to where he or she is most productive. Removal of the Hukou restrictions would also promote urbanization in currently lagging (inland) regions, mostly by stimulating rural to urban migration. 2015-07-20T14:36:00Z 2015-07-20T14:36:00Z 2015-06 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/06/24738063/hukou-highways-impact-china’s-spatial-development-policies-urbanization-regional-inequality http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22231 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7350 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper East Asia and Pacific China |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
LIVING STANDARDS TRANSPORT SECTOR CITY TRANSPORT POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ECONOMIC GROWTH URBANIZATION BIG CITIES RAIL NETWORK FLOW OF MIGRANTS TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORTATION COSTS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC SERVICES HEALTH CARE RURAL TRANSPORT POLICY DISCUSSIONS REDUCTION IN TRAVEL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES RAILWAY LINES HIGHWAY SYSTEM PUBLICATIONS RURAL POPULATION CHANGE IN POPULATION AIR POPULATION SIZE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS SPEEDS KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT URBAN MIGRATION TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS ROAD CHINESE POPULATION COSTS ROAD NETWORK EQUAL RIGHTS POTENTIAL MIGRANTS TRANSPORT POPULATION GROWTH INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM INCOME INEQUALITY MOBILITY AIR CONDITIONING RING ROADS INDUSTRIALIZATION CITIZEN MIGRATION POLLUTION SERVICE PROVISION CULTURAL CHANGE TRAVEL TIMES SERVICE DELIVERY MIGRANTS NATURAL RESOURCES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ROUTE URBAN DWELLERS INFRASTRUCTURE LAND USE RESPECT PROGRESS INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MIGRATION FLOWS UNEMPLOYMENT HUMAN CAPITAL CONGESTION DRIVING MIGRANT TRAVEL TRANSPORTATION POLICIES INTERNATIONAL TRADE POPULATION CHANGES POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER CONGESTION COSTS POLICY MAKERS ELASTICITIES CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE LARGE CITIES TRAINS ACCESSIBILITY POPULATION DENSITY URBAN AREAS HIGH SPEED RAIL NETWORK POPULATIONS HIGHWAY NETWORK RAILWAY HIGHWAYS URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICY CITIZENS ROADS MIGRATION POLICIES SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES RURAL RESIDENTS HIGHWAY MINORITY ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES RESIDENCE STATUS NATURAL GAS RAILWAYS POPULATION MOVEMENTS ECONOMIES OF SCALE RESOLUTION INVESTMENT SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION RURAL AREAS HIGH SPEED RAIL RAIL INTERNAL MIGRATION MIGRATION STATISTICS POPULATION INVESTMENTS POLICY RESEARCH URBAN POPULATIONS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY TRANSPORT COSTS REMITTANCES PUBLIC SERVICE TRAVEL TIME URBAN POPULATION POPULATION INCREASES HEALTH SERVICES AVERAGE TRAVEL TIME EXPRESSWAYS DEVELOPMENT POLICY |
| spellingShingle |
LIVING STANDARDS TRANSPORT SECTOR CITY TRANSPORT POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ECONOMIC GROWTH URBANIZATION BIG CITIES RAIL NETWORK FLOW OF MIGRANTS TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORTATION COSTS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC SERVICES HEALTH CARE RURAL TRANSPORT POLICY DISCUSSIONS REDUCTION IN TRAVEL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES RAILWAY LINES HIGHWAY SYSTEM PUBLICATIONS RURAL POPULATION CHANGE IN POPULATION AIR POPULATION SIZE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS SPEEDS KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT URBAN MIGRATION TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS ROAD CHINESE POPULATION COSTS ROAD NETWORK EQUAL RIGHTS POTENTIAL MIGRANTS TRANSPORT POPULATION GROWTH INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM INCOME INEQUALITY MOBILITY AIR CONDITIONING RING ROADS INDUSTRIALIZATION CITIZEN MIGRATION POLLUTION SERVICE PROVISION CULTURAL CHANGE TRAVEL TIMES SERVICE DELIVERY MIGRANTS NATURAL RESOURCES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ROUTE URBAN DWELLERS INFRASTRUCTURE LAND USE RESPECT PROGRESS INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MIGRATION FLOWS UNEMPLOYMENT HUMAN CAPITAL CONGESTION DRIVING MIGRANT TRAVEL TRANSPORTATION POLICIES INTERNATIONAL TRADE POPULATION CHANGES POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER CONGESTION COSTS POLICY MAKERS ELASTICITIES CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE LARGE CITIES TRAINS ACCESSIBILITY POPULATION DENSITY URBAN AREAS HIGH SPEED RAIL NETWORK POPULATIONS HIGHWAY NETWORK RAILWAY HIGHWAYS URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICY CITIZENS ROADS MIGRATION POLICIES SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES RURAL RESIDENTS HIGHWAY MINORITY ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES RESIDENCE STATUS NATURAL GAS RAILWAYS POPULATION MOVEMENTS ECONOMIES OF SCALE RESOLUTION INVESTMENT SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION RURAL AREAS HIGH SPEED RAIL RAIL INTERNAL MIGRATION MIGRATION STATISTICS POPULATION INVESTMENTS POLICY RESEARCH URBAN POPULATIONS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY TRANSPORT COSTS REMITTANCES PUBLIC SERVICE TRAVEL TIME URBAN POPULATION POPULATION INCREASES HEALTH SERVICES AVERAGE TRAVEL TIME EXPRESSWAYS DEVELOPMENT POLICY Bosker, Maarten Deichmann, Uwe Roberts, Mark Hukou and Highways : The Impact of China’s Spatial Development Policies on Urbanization and Regional Inequality |
| geographic_facet |
East Asia and Pacific China |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7350 |
| description |
China has used two main spatial policies
to shape its geographic patterns of development: restricted
labor mobility through the Hukou residential registration
system and massive infrastructure investment, notably a
96,000 kilometer national expressway network. This paper
develops a structural new economic geography model to
examine the impacts of these policies. Fitting the model to
available data allows simulating counterfactual scenarios
comparing each policy’s respective impact on regional
economic development and urbanization patterns across China.
The results suggest large overall economic benefits from
constructing the national expressway network and abolishing
the Hukou system. Yet, the spatial impacts of the two
policies are very different. The construction of the
national expressway network reinforced existing urbanization
patterns. The initially lagging regions not connected to the
network have not benefitted much from its construction. By
contrast, removal of the Hukou restrictions, which Chinese
policy makers are considering, would result in much more
widespread welfare gains, allowing everyone to gain by
moving to where he or she is most productive. Removal of the
Hukou restrictions would also promote urbanization in
currently lagging (inland) regions, mostly by stimulating
rural to urban migration. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| author |
Bosker, Maarten Deichmann, Uwe Roberts, Mark |
| author_facet |
Bosker, Maarten Deichmann, Uwe Roberts, Mark |
| author_sort |
Bosker, Maarten |
| title |
Hukou and Highways : The Impact of China’s Spatial Development Policies on Urbanization and Regional Inequality |
| title_short |
Hukou and Highways : The Impact of China’s Spatial Development Policies on Urbanization and Regional Inequality |
| title_full |
Hukou and Highways : The Impact of China’s Spatial Development Policies on Urbanization and Regional Inequality |
| title_fullStr |
Hukou and Highways : The Impact of China’s Spatial Development Policies on Urbanization and Regional Inequality |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Hukou and Highways : The Impact of China’s Spatial Development Policies on Urbanization and Regional Inequality |
| title_sort |
hukou and highways : the impact of china’s spatial development policies on urbanization and regional inequality |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/06/24738063/hukou-highways-impact-china’s-spatial-development-policies-urbanization-regional-inequality http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22231 |
| _version_ |
1764450488661573632 |