Doing the Survey Two-Step : The Effects of Reticence on Estimates of Corruption in Two-Stage Survey Questions
This paper develops a structural approach for modeling how respondents answer survey questions and uses it to estimate the proportion of respondents who are reticent in answering corruption questions, as well as the extent to which reticent behavio...
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| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2015
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/05/24531877/doing-survey-two-step-effects-reticence-estimates-corruption-two-stage-survey-questions http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22008 |
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okr-10986-220082021-04-23T14:04:06Z Doing the Survey Two-Step : The Effects of Reticence on Estimates of Corruption in Two-Stage Survey Questions Karalashvili, Nona Kraay, Aart Murrell, Peter CORRUPTION SURVEYS ACCOUNTING CORRUPT SMOKING PREVALENCE BRIBERY TIME BRIBES RESEARCH WORKING PAPERS CRIMINAL ANTICORRUPTION MEASURES SIMULATIONS GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS DATA COLLECTION POLITICIANS STRATEGIES INFORMATION SERVICES CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS PERCEPTION OF CORRUPTION EFFECTS RESEARCHER PROSECUTION CRIME CORRUPTION MEASURES PROBABILITIES CRIME VICTIMIZATION COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE DATA TECHNIQUES COMPUTERS TESTS SMOKING AGREEMENTS ENTRIES PROBABILITY NOTATION OBSERVATION CASES ORGANIZATIONS WEB CONFIDENCE INDICATORS RESEARCH MARIJUANA MODELING CLASSIFICATION RULE OF LAW LIBRARY PUBLISHING METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH RELIABILITY INTERVIEWS ACT OF CORRUPTION GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL SCIENCE TRANSPARENCY ANTICORRUPTION VALIDITY DESCRIPTION ORDERINGS ORDERING BANK INVESTIGATION TRIALS BRIBE ANTI-CORRUPTION RESEARCHERS SAMPLES SIZE ARRANGEMENT SURVEYS POLICY CASE ADMINISTRATION GOVERNANCE JUSTICE CONCEPT CRIMINALS MALFEASANCE ETHICS ESTIMATING SIMULATION EVALUATION ORGANIZATION SAMPLING CHEATING OFFENSE FICTIONS SURVEY DATA LAW FINANCIAL SUPPORT STANDARD ESTIMATES CONCEPTS METHODOLOGY QUESTIONNAIRES GOVERNMENTS SERVICE CORRUPT ACT This paper develops a structural approach for modeling how respondents answer survey questions and uses it to estimate the proportion of respondents who are reticent in answering corruption questions, as well as the extent to which reticent behavior biases down conventional estimates of corruption. The context is a common two-step survey question, first inquiring whether a government official visited a business, and then asking about bribery if a visit was acknowledged. Reticence is a concern for both steps, since denying a visit sidesteps the bribe question. This paper considers two alternative models of how reticence affects responses to two-step questions, with differing assumptions on how reticence affects the first question about visits. Maximum-likelihood estimates are obtained for seven countries using data on interactions with tax officials. Different models work best in different countries, but cross-country comparisons are still valid because both models use the same structural parameters. On average, 40 percent of corruption questions are answered reticently, with much variation across countries. A statistic reflecting how much standard measures underestimate the proportion of all respondents who had a bribe interaction is developed. The downward bias in standard measures is highly statistically significant in all countries, varying from 12 percent in Nigeria to 90 percent in Turkey. The source of bias varies widely across countries, between denying a visit and denying a bribe after admitting a visit. 2015-06-02T22:45:34Z 2015-06-02T22:45:34Z 2015-05 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/05/24531877/doing-survey-two-step-effects-reticence-estimates-corruption-two-stage-survey-questions http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22008 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7276 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
CORRUPTION SURVEYS ACCOUNTING CORRUPT SMOKING PREVALENCE BRIBERY TIME BRIBES RESEARCH WORKING PAPERS CRIMINAL ANTICORRUPTION MEASURES SIMULATIONS GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS DATA COLLECTION POLITICIANS STRATEGIES INFORMATION SERVICES CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS PERCEPTION OF CORRUPTION EFFECTS RESEARCHER PROSECUTION CRIME CORRUPTION MEASURES PROBABILITIES CRIME VICTIMIZATION COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE DATA TECHNIQUES COMPUTERS TESTS SMOKING AGREEMENTS ENTRIES PROBABILITY NOTATION OBSERVATION CASES ORGANIZATIONS WEB CONFIDENCE INDICATORS RESEARCH MARIJUANA MODELING CLASSIFICATION RULE OF LAW LIBRARY PUBLISHING METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH RELIABILITY INTERVIEWS ACT OF CORRUPTION GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL SCIENCE TRANSPARENCY ANTICORRUPTION VALIDITY DESCRIPTION ORDERINGS ORDERING BANK INVESTIGATION TRIALS BRIBE ANTI-CORRUPTION RESEARCHERS SAMPLES SIZE ARRANGEMENT SURVEYS POLICY CASE ADMINISTRATION GOVERNANCE JUSTICE CONCEPT CRIMINALS MALFEASANCE ETHICS ESTIMATING SIMULATION EVALUATION ORGANIZATION SAMPLING CHEATING OFFENSE FICTIONS SURVEY DATA LAW FINANCIAL SUPPORT STANDARD ESTIMATES CONCEPTS METHODOLOGY QUESTIONNAIRES GOVERNMENTS SERVICE CORRUPT ACT |
| spellingShingle |
CORRUPTION SURVEYS ACCOUNTING CORRUPT SMOKING PREVALENCE BRIBERY TIME BRIBES RESEARCH WORKING PAPERS CRIMINAL ANTICORRUPTION MEASURES SIMULATIONS GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS DATA COLLECTION POLITICIANS STRATEGIES INFORMATION SERVICES CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS PERCEPTION OF CORRUPTION EFFECTS RESEARCHER PROSECUTION CRIME CORRUPTION MEASURES PROBABILITIES CRIME VICTIMIZATION COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE DATA TECHNIQUES COMPUTERS TESTS SMOKING AGREEMENTS ENTRIES PROBABILITY NOTATION OBSERVATION CASES ORGANIZATIONS WEB CONFIDENCE INDICATORS RESEARCH MARIJUANA MODELING CLASSIFICATION RULE OF LAW LIBRARY PUBLISHING METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH RELIABILITY INTERVIEWS ACT OF CORRUPTION GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL SCIENCE TRANSPARENCY ANTICORRUPTION VALIDITY DESCRIPTION ORDERINGS ORDERING BANK INVESTIGATION TRIALS BRIBE ANTI-CORRUPTION RESEARCHERS SAMPLES SIZE ARRANGEMENT SURVEYS POLICY CASE ADMINISTRATION GOVERNANCE JUSTICE CONCEPT CRIMINALS MALFEASANCE ETHICS ESTIMATING SIMULATION EVALUATION ORGANIZATION SAMPLING CHEATING OFFENSE FICTIONS SURVEY DATA LAW FINANCIAL SUPPORT STANDARD ESTIMATES CONCEPTS METHODOLOGY QUESTIONNAIRES GOVERNMENTS SERVICE CORRUPT ACT Karalashvili, Nona Kraay, Aart Murrell, Peter Doing the Survey Two-Step : The Effects of Reticence on Estimates of Corruption in Two-Stage Survey Questions |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7276 |
| description |
This paper develops a structural
approach for modeling how respondents answer survey
questions and uses it to estimate the proportion of
respondents who are reticent in answering corruption
questions, as well as the extent to which reticent behavior
biases down conventional estimates of corruption. The
context is a common two-step survey question, first
inquiring whether a government official visited a business,
and then asking about bribery if a visit was acknowledged.
Reticence is a concern for both steps, since denying a visit
sidesteps the bribe question. This paper considers two
alternative models of how reticence affects responses to
two-step questions, with differing assumptions on how
reticence affects the first question about visits.
Maximum-likelihood estimates are obtained for seven
countries using data on interactions with tax officials.
Different models work best in different countries, but
cross-country comparisons are still valid because both
models use the same structural parameters. On average, 40
percent of corruption questions are answered reticently,
with much variation across countries. A statistic reflecting
how much standard measures underestimate the proportion of
all respondents who had a bribe interaction is developed.
The downward bias in standard measures is highly
statistically significant in all countries, varying from 12
percent in Nigeria to 90 percent in Turkey. The source of
bias varies widely across countries, between denying a visit
and denying a bribe after admitting a visit. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| author |
Karalashvili, Nona Kraay, Aart Murrell, Peter |
| author_facet |
Karalashvili, Nona Kraay, Aart Murrell, Peter |
| author_sort |
Karalashvili, Nona |
| title |
Doing the Survey Two-Step : The Effects of Reticence on Estimates of Corruption in Two-Stage Survey Questions |
| title_short |
Doing the Survey Two-Step : The Effects of Reticence on Estimates of Corruption in Two-Stage Survey Questions |
| title_full |
Doing the Survey Two-Step : The Effects of Reticence on Estimates of Corruption in Two-Stage Survey Questions |
| title_fullStr |
Doing the Survey Two-Step : The Effects of Reticence on Estimates of Corruption in Two-Stage Survey Questions |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Doing the Survey Two-Step : The Effects of Reticence on Estimates of Corruption in Two-Stage Survey Questions |
| title_sort |
doing the survey two-step : the effects of reticence on estimates of corruption in two-stage survey questions |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/05/24531877/doing-survey-two-step-effects-reticence-estimates-corruption-two-stage-survey-questions http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22008 |
| _version_ |
1764449899433164800 |