What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India?

Female labor force participation rates in urban India between 1987 and 2011 are surprisingly low and have stagnated since the late 1980s. Despite rising growth, fertility decline, and rising wages and education levels, married women's labor fo...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Klasen, Stephan, Pieters, Janneke
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank Group, Washington, DC 2015
Subjects:	JOBS EMPLOYMENT HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN FEMALE EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT RATE WAGE EFFECT FUTURE GROWTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES MARRIED MEN WORKFORCE ECONOMIC GROWTH UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS WORKING-AGE POPULATION EDUCATION OF GIRLS SKILLED WORKERS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AGE GROUP LEVELS OF EDUCATION LABOR FORCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CLERICAL WORKERS JOB FEMALE EMPLOYMENT LABOR ECONOMICS POLICY DISCUSSIONS EDUCATIONAL DISTRIBUTION RETAIL TRADE REAL WAGES EDUCATED MEN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RURAL POPULATION NUMBER OF PEOPLE POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT WAGE GROWTH MALE WORKERS LABOR MARKET URBAN MIGRATION URBAN EMPLOYMENT GENDER GAP EMPLOYMENT LEVELS INFORMAL ECONOMY JOB OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT POPULATION GROWTH BARGAINING POWER LABOUR BUREAU WORKER SECONDARY SCHOOL UNEMPLOYED MIGRATION HOUSEHOLD INCOME MARRIAGE MIGRATION DATA LABOR PRIMARY SCHOOL TOTAL EMPLOYMENT HIGH WAGES MIGRANTS HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HOUSEHOLD ASSETS AGE AT MARRIAGE EARNINGS GROWTH SELF-EMPLOYMENT INCOME FEMALE LABOR EDUCATED WOMEN PROGRESS UNEMPLOYMENT AVERAGE WAGES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH GENDER GAPS HUMAN CAPITAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME INCOME SECURITY WORKERS MALE PARTNERS LABOR DEMAND WOMAN SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER WAGE INEQUALITY AVERAGE WAGE CASUAL WORKERS DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE OCCUPATIONS WHITE-COLLAR OCCUPATIONS AGE GROUPS FAMILY INCOME SAFETY NET VICTIMS URBAN AREAS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH PRIVATE SECTOR WAGE RATE ROLE OF WOMEN EARNING SECONDARY SCHOOLING ILLITERATE WOMEN LABOR MOBILITY YOUNG CHILDREN EDUCATION OF WOMEN RURAL EMPLOYMENT POLICY LIFESTYLES SKILLED LABOR SALARIED EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SOCIAL STATUS CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING CASUAL WORKER PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN UNMARRIED WOMEN LABOUR FORCE SUBSTITUTION EFFECT HUMAN RESOURCES SOCIAL GROUP RURAL AREAS NUMBER OF CHILDREN FEMALE LABOR FORCE LAM EMPLOYEE WAGE DIFFERENTIALS POPULATION LABOR SUPPLY WAGE EFFECTS LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION PRIMARY LEVEL CONSUMER PRICE INDEX URBAN WOMEN LOCAL LABOR MARKET MARRIED WOMEN POLICY RESEARCH AGE COMPOSITION PRIMARY EDUCATION FERTILITY WOMEN LABOUR FERTILITY DECLINE LABOR MARKETS EXOGENOUS VARIABLE SECONDARY EDUCATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT CENTER FOR POPULATION DEVELOPMENT POLICY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT EMPLOYEES
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/03/24193840/explains-stagnation-female-labor-force-participation-urban-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21668