What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India?

Female labor force participation rates in urban India between 1987 and 2011 are surprisingly low and have stagnated since the late 1980s. Despite rising growth, fertility decline, and rising wages and education levels, married women's labor fo...

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Main Authors:	Klasen, Stephan, Pieters, Janneke
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank Group, Washington, DC 2015
Subjects:	JOBS EMPLOYMENT HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN FEMALE EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT RATE WAGE EFFECT FUTURE GROWTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES MARRIED MEN WORKFORCE ECONOMIC GROWTH UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS WORKING-AGE POPULATION EDUCATION OF GIRLS SKILLED WORKERS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AGE GROUP LEVELS OF EDUCATION LABOR FORCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CLERICAL WORKERS JOB FEMALE EMPLOYMENT LABOR ECONOMICS POLICY DISCUSSIONS EDUCATIONAL DISTRIBUTION RETAIL TRADE REAL WAGES EDUCATED MEN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RURAL POPULATION NUMBER OF PEOPLE POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT WAGE GROWTH MALE WORKERS LABOR MARKET URBAN MIGRATION URBAN EMPLOYMENT GENDER GAP EMPLOYMENT LEVELS INFORMAL ECONOMY JOB OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT POPULATION GROWTH BARGAINING POWER LABOUR BUREAU WORKER SECONDARY SCHOOL UNEMPLOYED MIGRATION HOUSEHOLD INCOME MARRIAGE MIGRATION DATA LABOR PRIMARY SCHOOL TOTAL EMPLOYMENT HIGH WAGES MIGRANTS HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HOUSEHOLD ASSETS AGE AT MARRIAGE EARNINGS GROWTH SELF-EMPLOYMENT INCOME FEMALE LABOR EDUCATED WOMEN PROGRESS UNEMPLOYMENT AVERAGE WAGES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH GENDER GAPS HUMAN CAPITAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME INCOME SECURITY WORKERS MALE PARTNERS LABOR DEMAND WOMAN SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER WAGE INEQUALITY AVERAGE WAGE CASUAL WORKERS DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE OCCUPATIONS WHITE-COLLAR OCCUPATIONS AGE GROUPS FAMILY INCOME SAFETY NET VICTIMS URBAN AREAS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH PRIVATE SECTOR WAGE RATE ROLE OF WOMEN EARNING SECONDARY SCHOOLING ILLITERATE WOMEN LABOR MOBILITY YOUNG CHILDREN EDUCATION OF WOMEN RURAL EMPLOYMENT POLICY LIFESTYLES SKILLED LABOR SALARIED EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SOCIAL STATUS CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING CASUAL WORKER PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN UNMARRIED WOMEN LABOUR FORCE SUBSTITUTION EFFECT HUMAN RESOURCES SOCIAL GROUP RURAL AREAS NUMBER OF CHILDREN FEMALE LABOR FORCE LAM EMPLOYEE WAGE DIFFERENTIALS POPULATION LABOR SUPPLY WAGE EFFECTS LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION PRIMARY LEVEL CONSUMER PRICE INDEX URBAN WOMEN LOCAL LABOR MARKET MARRIED WOMEN POLICY RESEARCH AGE COMPOSITION PRIMARY EDUCATION FERTILITY WOMEN LABOUR FERTILITY DECLINE LABOR MARKETS EXOGENOUS VARIABLE SECONDARY EDUCATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT CENTER FOR POPULATION DEVELOPMENT POLICY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT EMPLOYEES
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/03/24193840/explains-stagnation-female-labor-force-participation-urban-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21668

id	okr-10986-21668
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-216682021-04-23T14:04:03Z What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India? Klasen, Stephan Pieters, Janneke JOBS EMPLOYMENT HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN FEMALE EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT RATE WAGE EFFECT FUTURE GROWTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES MARRIED MEN WORKFORCE ECONOMIC GROWTH UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS WORKING-AGE POPULATION EDUCATION OF GIRLS SKILLED WORKERS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AGE GROUP LEVELS OF EDUCATION LABOR FORCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CLERICAL WORKERS JOB FEMALE EMPLOYMENT LABOR ECONOMICS POLICY DISCUSSIONS EDUCATIONAL DISTRIBUTION RETAIL TRADE REAL WAGES EDUCATED MEN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RURAL POPULATION NUMBER OF PEOPLE POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION WAGE GROWTH MALE WORKERS LABOR MARKET URBAN MIGRATION URBAN EMPLOYMENT GENDER GAP EMPLOYMENT LEVELS INFORMAL ECONOMY JOB OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT POPULATION GROWTH BARGAINING POWER LABOUR BUREAU WORKER SECONDARY SCHOOL UNEMPLOYED MIGRATION HOUSEHOLD INCOME MARRIAGE MIGRATION DATA LABOR PRIMARY SCHOOL TOTAL EMPLOYMENT HIGH WAGES MIGRANTS HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HOUSEHOLD ASSETS AGE AT MARRIAGE EARNINGS GROWTH SELF-EMPLOYMENT INCOME FEMALE LABOR EDUCATED WOMEN PROGRESS UNEMPLOYMENT AVERAGE WAGES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH GENDER GAPS HUMAN CAPITAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME INCOME SECURITY WORKERS MALE PARTNERS LABOR DEMAND WOMAN SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER WAGE INEQUALITY AVERAGE WAGE CASUAL WORKERS DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE OCCUPATIONS WHITE-COLLAR OCCUPATIONS AGE GROUPS FAMILY INCOME SAFETY NET VICTIMS URBAN AREAS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH PRIVATE SECTOR WAGE RATE ROLE OF WOMEN EARNING SECONDARY SCHOOLING ILLITERATE WOMEN LABOR MOBILITY YOUNG CHILDREN EDUCATION OF WOMEN RURAL EMPLOYMENT POLICY LIFESTYLES SKILLED LABOR SALARIED EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SOCIAL STATUS CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING CASUAL WORKER PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN UNMARRIED WOMEN LABOUR FORCE SUBSTITUTION EFFECT HUMAN RESOURCES SOCIAL GROUP RURAL AREAS NUMBER OF CHILDREN FEMALE LABOR FORCE LAM EMPLOYEE WAGE DIFFERENTIALS POPULATION LABOR SUPPLY WAGE EFFECTS LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION PRIMARY LEVEL CONSUMER PRICE INDEX URBAN WOMEN LOCAL LABOR MARKET MARRIED WOMEN POLICY RESEARCH AGE COMPOSITION PRIMARY EDUCATION FERTILITY WOMEN LABOUR FERTILITY DECLINE LABOR MARKETS EXOGENOUS VARIABLE SECONDARY EDUCATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT CENTER FOR POPULATION DEVELOPMENT POLICY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT EMPLOYEES Female labor force participation rates in urban India between 1987 and 2011 are surprisingly low and have stagnated since the late 1980s. Despite rising growth, fertility decline, and rising wages and education levels, married women's labor force participation hovered around 18 percent. Analysis of five large cross-sectional micro surveys shows that a combination of supply and demand effects have contributed to this stagnation. The main supply side factors are rising household incomes and husband's education as well as the falling selectivity of highly educated women. On the demand side, the sectors that draw in female workers have expanded least, so that changes in the sectoral structure of employment alone would have actually led to declining participation rates. 2015-04-02T16:15:28Z 2015-04-02T16:15:28Z 2015-03 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/03/24193840/explains-stagnation-female-labor-force-participation-urban-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21668 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7222 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank Group, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper South Asia India
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	JOBS EMPLOYMENT HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN FEMALE EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT RATE WAGE EFFECT FUTURE GROWTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES MARRIED MEN WORKFORCE ECONOMIC GROWTH UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS WORKING-AGE POPULATION EDUCATION OF GIRLS SKILLED WORKERS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AGE GROUP LEVELS OF EDUCATION LABOR FORCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CLERICAL WORKERS JOB FEMALE EMPLOYMENT LABOR ECONOMICS POLICY DISCUSSIONS EDUCATIONAL DISTRIBUTION RETAIL TRADE REAL WAGES EDUCATED MEN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RURAL POPULATION NUMBER OF PEOPLE POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION WAGE GROWTH MALE WORKERS LABOR MARKET URBAN MIGRATION URBAN EMPLOYMENT GENDER GAP EMPLOYMENT LEVELS INFORMAL ECONOMY JOB OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT POPULATION GROWTH BARGAINING POWER LABOUR BUREAU WORKER SECONDARY SCHOOL UNEMPLOYED MIGRATION HOUSEHOLD INCOME MARRIAGE MIGRATION DATA LABOR PRIMARY SCHOOL TOTAL EMPLOYMENT HIGH WAGES MIGRANTS HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HOUSEHOLD ASSETS AGE AT MARRIAGE EARNINGS GROWTH SELF-EMPLOYMENT INCOME FEMALE LABOR EDUCATED WOMEN PROGRESS UNEMPLOYMENT AVERAGE WAGES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH GENDER GAPS HUMAN CAPITAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME INCOME SECURITY WORKERS MALE PARTNERS LABOR DEMAND WOMAN SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER WAGE INEQUALITY AVERAGE WAGE CASUAL WORKERS DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE OCCUPATIONS WHITE-COLLAR OCCUPATIONS AGE GROUPS FAMILY INCOME SAFETY NET VICTIMS URBAN AREAS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH PRIVATE SECTOR WAGE RATE ROLE OF WOMEN EARNING SECONDARY SCHOOLING ILLITERATE WOMEN LABOR MOBILITY YOUNG CHILDREN EDUCATION OF WOMEN RURAL EMPLOYMENT POLICY LIFESTYLES SKILLED LABOR SALARIED EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SOCIAL STATUS CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING CASUAL WORKER PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN UNMARRIED WOMEN LABOUR FORCE SUBSTITUTION EFFECT HUMAN RESOURCES SOCIAL GROUP RURAL AREAS NUMBER OF CHILDREN FEMALE LABOR FORCE LAM EMPLOYEE WAGE DIFFERENTIALS POPULATION LABOR SUPPLY WAGE EFFECTS LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION PRIMARY LEVEL CONSUMER PRICE INDEX URBAN WOMEN LOCAL LABOR MARKET MARRIED WOMEN POLICY RESEARCH AGE COMPOSITION PRIMARY EDUCATION FERTILITY WOMEN LABOUR FERTILITY DECLINE LABOR MARKETS EXOGENOUS VARIABLE SECONDARY EDUCATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT CENTER FOR POPULATION DEVELOPMENT POLICY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT EMPLOYEES
spellingShingle	JOBS EMPLOYMENT HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN FEMALE EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT RATE WAGE EFFECT FUTURE GROWTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES MARRIED MEN WORKFORCE ECONOMIC GROWTH UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS WORKING-AGE POPULATION EDUCATION OF GIRLS SKILLED WORKERS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AGE GROUP LEVELS OF EDUCATION LABOR FORCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CLERICAL WORKERS JOB FEMALE EMPLOYMENT LABOR ECONOMICS POLICY DISCUSSIONS EDUCATIONAL DISTRIBUTION RETAIL TRADE REAL WAGES EDUCATED MEN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RURAL POPULATION NUMBER OF PEOPLE POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION WAGE GROWTH MALE WORKERS LABOR MARKET URBAN MIGRATION URBAN EMPLOYMENT GENDER GAP EMPLOYMENT LEVELS INFORMAL ECONOMY JOB OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT POPULATION GROWTH BARGAINING POWER LABOUR BUREAU WORKER SECONDARY SCHOOL UNEMPLOYED MIGRATION HOUSEHOLD INCOME MARRIAGE MIGRATION DATA LABOR PRIMARY SCHOOL TOTAL EMPLOYMENT HIGH WAGES MIGRANTS HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HOUSEHOLD ASSETS AGE AT MARRIAGE EARNINGS GROWTH SELF-EMPLOYMENT INCOME FEMALE LABOR EDUCATED WOMEN PROGRESS UNEMPLOYMENT AVERAGE WAGES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH GENDER GAPS HUMAN CAPITAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME INCOME SECURITY WORKERS MALE PARTNERS LABOR DEMAND WOMAN SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER WAGE INEQUALITY AVERAGE WAGE CASUAL WORKERS DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE OCCUPATIONS WHITE-COLLAR OCCUPATIONS AGE GROUPS FAMILY INCOME SAFETY NET VICTIMS URBAN AREAS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH PRIVATE SECTOR WAGE RATE ROLE OF WOMEN EARNING SECONDARY SCHOOLING ILLITERATE WOMEN LABOR MOBILITY YOUNG CHILDREN EDUCATION OF WOMEN RURAL EMPLOYMENT POLICY LIFESTYLES SKILLED LABOR SALARIED EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SOCIAL STATUS CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING CASUAL WORKER PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN UNMARRIED WOMEN LABOUR FORCE SUBSTITUTION EFFECT HUMAN RESOURCES SOCIAL GROUP RURAL AREAS NUMBER OF CHILDREN FEMALE LABOR FORCE LAM EMPLOYEE WAGE DIFFERENTIALS POPULATION LABOR SUPPLY WAGE EFFECTS LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION PRIMARY LEVEL CONSUMER PRICE INDEX URBAN WOMEN LOCAL LABOR MARKET MARRIED WOMEN POLICY RESEARCH AGE COMPOSITION PRIMARY EDUCATION FERTILITY WOMEN LABOUR FERTILITY DECLINE LABOR MARKETS EXOGENOUS VARIABLE SECONDARY EDUCATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT CENTER FOR POPULATION DEVELOPMENT POLICY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT EMPLOYEES Klasen, Stephan Pieters, Janneke What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India?
geographic_facet	South Asia India
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7222
description	Female labor force participation rates in urban India between 1987 and 2011 are surprisingly low and have stagnated since the late 1980s. Despite rising growth, fertility decline, and rising wages and education levels, married women's labor force participation hovered around 18 percent. Analysis of five large cross-sectional micro surveys shows that a combination of supply and demand effects have contributed to this stagnation. The main supply side factors are rising household incomes and husband's education as well as the falling selectivity of highly educated women. On the demand side, the sectors that draw in female workers have expanded least, so that changes in the sectoral structure of employment alone would have actually led to declining participation rates.
format	Working Paper
author	Klasen, Stephan Pieters, Janneke
author_facet	Klasen, Stephan Pieters, Janneke
author_sort	Klasen, Stephan
title	What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India?
title_short	What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India?
title_full	What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India?
title_fullStr	What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India?
title_full_unstemmed	What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India?
title_sort	what explains the stagnation of female labor force participation in urban india?
publisher	World Bank Group, Washington, DC
publishDate	2015
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/03/24193840/explains-stagnation-female-labor-force-participation-urban-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21668
_version_	1764448931587031040

What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India?

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