Land and Urban Policies for Poverty Reduction : Proceedings of the Third International Urban Research Symposium Held in Brasilia, April 2005, Volume 2

The first paper of this section (Durand-Laserve) documents how increasing pressures on urban land and the 'commodification' of shelter and settlement has increased 'market evictions' of families holding intermediate tide to prop...

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Main Authors: Freire, Mila, Lima, Ricardo, Cira, Dean, Ferguson, Bruce, Kessides, Christine, Mota, Jose Aroudo, Motta, Diana
Format: Publications & Research
Language:English
en_US
Published: World Bank, Brasilia 2015
Subjects:
AIR
BUS
CAR
CBD
TAX
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/04/24030076/land-urban-policies-poverty-reduction-proceedings-third-international-urban-research-symposium-held-brasilia-vol-2
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21557
id okr-10986-21557
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
en_US
topic AFFORDABLE HOUSING
AFFORDABLE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
AIR
APARTMENTS
ARCHITECT
ARCHITECTURE
BARRIO
BOTTLENECKS
BUS
BUS FARE
BUS JOURNEYS
BUS OPERATION
BUS RIDERSHIP
BUS SERVICE
BUS SERVICES
BUS SYSTEM
BUS SYSTEMS
BUS TRIPS
BUSES
BUSINESS DISTRICTS
CAR
CARS
CASUAL WORK
CBD
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
CENTRAL CITIES
CENTRAL CITY
CITIES
CITIES ALLIANCE
CITY AUTHORITIES
CITY CENTRE
CITY GOVERNMENTS
CITY MANAGEMENT
CITY PROFILE
COMMUNITIES
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
COUNTRYSIDE
CRIME
DEVELOPING COUNTRY CITIES
DRAINAGE
DRINKING WATER
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
EFFICIENT TRANSPORT
ENGINEER
ENGINEERS
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
EVICTION
EVICTIONS
EXPRESS SERVICES
EXPRESSWAYS
EXTERNALITIES
FARES
FAVELA
FAVELAS
FEMALE
HABITAT
HEALTH CARE
HOMES
HOSPITALS
HOTEL
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSES
HOUSING
HOUSING AFFORDABILITY
HOUSING CONDITIONS
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
HOUSING ESTATES
HOUSING FINANCE
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
HOUSING MARKETS
HOUSING POLICY
HOUSING PROJECTS
HOUSING RIGHTS
HOUSING SUBSIDIES
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT
INFORMAL HOUSING
INFORMAL LAND
INFORMAL LAND DELIVERY
INFORMAL LAND DELIVERY SYSTEMS
INFORMAL SETTLEMENT
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
INHABITANTS
IRREGULAR SETTLEMENT
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
LACK OF CREDIT
LAND DEVELOPMENT
LAND MANAGEMENT
LAND MARKETS
LAND POLICIES
LAND TENURE
LAND TENURE REGULARIZATION
LAND USE
LEASING
LEGAL TITLE
LIBRARIES
LIGHT RAIL
LIVING STANDARDS
LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
LOCAL ROADS
LONG-DISTANCE
LOW INCOME
LOW-INCOME
LOW-INCOME SETTLEMENTS
MANY CITIES
METROPOLITAN AREA
METROPOLITAN AREAS
METROPOLITAN POPULATION
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT FUND
MUNICIPAL SERVICES
NATIONAL TRANSPORT
NEIGHBORHOODS
NEIGHBOURHOODS
OCCUPATION
OVERCROWDING
PASSENGER VOLUMES
PAVEMENT DWELLERS
PERIPHERAL AREAS
POOR NEIGHBORHOODS
POOR PEOPLE
POPULATION DENSITY
POVERTY REDUCTION
PROPERTY RIGHTS
PROPERTY TAX
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC HEALTH
PUBLIC HOUSING
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
PUBLIC LIGHTING
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
PUBLIC UTILITIES
QUALITY HOUSING
QUALITY OF TRANSPORT
RAIL
RAIL SYSTEMS
RAILWAY
RAPID TRANSIT
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
REGIONAL PLANNING
RENTAL HOUSING
RENTALS
RESETTLEMENT
RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY
RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION
RESIDENTIAL ZONES
ROAD
ROAD NETWORK
ROUTES
RURAL AREAS
SANITATION
SECONDARY CITIES
SECURE TENURE
SECURITY OF TENURE
SELF-HELP
SERVICED LAND
SETTLEMENT
SHACKS
SHANTYTOWNS
SHELTER
SIDEWALKS
SLUM
SLUM AREAS
SLUM IMPROVEMENT
SLUM UPGRADING
SLUMS
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
SOCIAL HOUSING
SQUATTER
SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS
SQUATTING
STREET LIGHTING
STREETS
SUBDIVISIONS
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
TAX
TAX REVENUE
TENEMENTS
THIRD WORLD CITIES
TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
TRANSIT
TRANSIT SYSTEMS
TRANSPARENCY
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT ECONOMICS
TRANSPORT SERVICE
TRANSPORT STUDIES
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS
TRANSPORTATION POLICIES
TRAVEL DISTANCES
TRUE
UNDERGROUND
UNSATISFIED BASIC NEEDS
URBAN
URBAN AFFAIRS
URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS
URBAN AGRICULTURE
URBAN AREAS
URBAN BUS
URBAN CORE
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
URBAN DWELLERS
URBAN ECONOMICS
URBAN ECONOMY
URBAN FRINGE
URBAN GOVERNANCE
URBAN GROWTH
URBAN INDICATORS
URBAN LAND
URBAN MANAGEMENT
URBAN MANAGERS
URBAN PERIPHERY
URBAN PLANNERS
URBAN PLANNING
URBAN POLICIES
URBAN POLICY
URBAN POOR
URBAN POPULATION
URBAN POPULATION GROWTH
URBAN POVERTY
URBAN PROPERTY
URBAN RESEARCH
URBAN SECTOR
URBAN SERVICES
URBAN SPRAWL
URBAN STUDIES
URBAN TRANSPORT
URBAN UPGRADING
URBANISM
URBANIST
URBANIZATION
VEHICLES
WATER SUPPLY
WEALTH
ZONING
spellingShingle AFFORDABLE HOUSING
AFFORDABLE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
AIR
APARTMENTS
ARCHITECT
ARCHITECTURE
BARRIO
BOTTLENECKS
BUS
BUS FARE
BUS JOURNEYS
BUS OPERATION
BUS RIDERSHIP
BUS SERVICE
BUS SERVICES
BUS SYSTEM
BUS SYSTEMS
BUS TRIPS
BUSES
BUSINESS DISTRICTS
CAR
CARS
CASUAL WORK
CBD
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
CENTRAL CITIES
CENTRAL CITY
CITIES
CITIES ALLIANCE
CITY AUTHORITIES
CITY CENTRE
CITY GOVERNMENTS
CITY MANAGEMENT
CITY PROFILE
COMMUNITIES
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
COUNTRYSIDE
CRIME
DEVELOPING COUNTRY CITIES
DRAINAGE
DRINKING WATER
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
EFFICIENT TRANSPORT
ENGINEER
ENGINEERS
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
EVICTION
EVICTIONS
EXPRESS SERVICES
EXPRESSWAYS
EXTERNALITIES
FARES
FAVELA
FAVELAS
FEMALE
HABITAT
HEALTH CARE
HOMES
HOSPITALS
HOTEL
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSES
HOUSING
HOUSING AFFORDABILITY
HOUSING CONDITIONS
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
HOUSING ESTATES
HOUSING FINANCE
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
HOUSING MARKETS
HOUSING POLICY
HOUSING PROJECTS
HOUSING RIGHTS
HOUSING SUBSIDIES
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT
INFORMAL HOUSING
INFORMAL LAND
INFORMAL LAND DELIVERY
INFORMAL LAND DELIVERY SYSTEMS
INFORMAL SETTLEMENT
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
INHABITANTS
IRREGULAR SETTLEMENT
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
LACK OF CREDIT
LAND DEVELOPMENT
LAND MANAGEMENT
LAND MARKETS
LAND POLICIES
LAND TENURE
LAND TENURE REGULARIZATION
LAND USE
LEASING
LEGAL TITLE
LIBRARIES
LIGHT RAIL
LIVING STANDARDS
LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
LOCAL ROADS
LONG-DISTANCE
LOW INCOME
LOW-INCOME
LOW-INCOME SETTLEMENTS
MANY CITIES
METROPOLITAN AREA
METROPOLITAN AREAS
METROPOLITAN POPULATION
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT FUND
MUNICIPAL SERVICES
NATIONAL TRANSPORT
NEIGHBORHOODS
NEIGHBOURHOODS
OCCUPATION
OVERCROWDING
PASSENGER VOLUMES
PAVEMENT DWELLERS
PERIPHERAL AREAS
POOR NEIGHBORHOODS
POOR PEOPLE
POPULATION DENSITY
POVERTY REDUCTION
PROPERTY RIGHTS
PROPERTY TAX
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC HEALTH
PUBLIC HOUSING
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
PUBLIC LIGHTING
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
PUBLIC UTILITIES
QUALITY HOUSING
QUALITY OF TRANSPORT
RAIL
RAIL SYSTEMS
RAILWAY
RAPID TRANSIT
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
REGIONAL PLANNING
RENTAL HOUSING
RENTALS
RESETTLEMENT
RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY
RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION
RESIDENTIAL ZONES
ROAD
ROAD NETWORK
ROUTES
RURAL AREAS
SANITATION
SECONDARY CITIES
SECURE TENURE
SECURITY OF TENURE
SELF-HELP
SERVICED LAND
SETTLEMENT
SHACKS
SHANTYTOWNS
SHELTER
SIDEWALKS
SLUM
SLUM AREAS
SLUM IMPROVEMENT
SLUM UPGRADING
SLUMS
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
SOCIAL HOUSING
SQUATTER
SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS
SQUATTING
STREET LIGHTING
STREETS
SUBDIVISIONS
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
TAX
TAX REVENUE
TENEMENTS
THIRD WORLD CITIES
TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
TRANSIT
TRANSIT SYSTEMS
TRANSPARENCY
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT ECONOMICS
TRANSPORT SERVICE
TRANSPORT STUDIES
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS
TRANSPORTATION POLICIES
TRAVEL DISTANCES
TRUE
UNDERGROUND
UNSATISFIED BASIC NEEDS
URBAN
URBAN AFFAIRS
URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS
URBAN AGRICULTURE
URBAN AREAS
URBAN BUS
URBAN CORE
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
URBAN DWELLERS
URBAN ECONOMICS
URBAN ECONOMY
URBAN FRINGE
URBAN GOVERNANCE
URBAN GROWTH
URBAN INDICATORS
URBAN LAND
URBAN MANAGEMENT
URBAN MANAGERS
URBAN PERIPHERY
URBAN PLANNERS
URBAN PLANNING
URBAN POLICIES
URBAN POLICY
URBAN POOR
URBAN POPULATION
URBAN POPULATION GROWTH
URBAN POVERTY
URBAN PROPERTY
URBAN RESEARCH
URBAN SECTOR
URBAN SERVICES
URBAN SPRAWL
URBAN STUDIES
URBAN TRANSPORT
URBAN UPGRADING
URBANISM
URBANIST
URBANIZATION
VEHICLES
WATER SUPPLY
WEALTH
ZONING
Freire, Mila
Lima, Ricardo
Cira, Dean
Ferguson, Bruce
Kessides, Christine
Mota, Jose Aroudo
Motta, Diana
Land and Urban Policies for Poverty Reduction : Proceedings of the Third International Urban Research Symposium Held in Brasilia, April 2005, Volume 2
geographic_facet Latin America & Caribbean
Brazil
description The first paper of this section (Durand-Laserve) documents how increasing pressures on urban land and the 'commodification' of shelter and settlement has increased 'market evictions' of families holding intermediate tide to property, although international declarations and pressures have contributed to reducing 'forced evictions.' The second paper (Mooya and Cloete) uses the tools of the New Institutional Economics to analyze the argument in Hernando DeSoto's path-breaking book, The Mystery of Capital, that full legal tide is the key to turning 'dead capital' in the form of informal property held by many low-income families into an economic asset and to detonating broad-based economic growth. The paper concludes that intermediate forms of tenure can have the virtues of full legal tide if properly constructed, and then examines the case of Namibia in this context. The third paper (Fernandes) documents and assesses the recent efforts of the Brazilian federal Ministry of Cities to develop a comprehensive approach for regularizing title throughout that country. In the fourth paper, Abramo gives a structural and theoretical over-view of informal settlement in Brazil. The fifth paper (Rakodi) looks at traditional land delivery systems in five medium-sized Sub-Saharan African cities, and concludes that policies and programs can build on their strengths.
author2 Freire, Mila
author_facet Freire, Mila
Freire, Mila
Lima, Ricardo
Cira, Dean
Ferguson, Bruce
Kessides, Christine
Mota, Jose Aroudo
Motta, Diana
format Publications & Research
author Freire, Mila
Lima, Ricardo
Cira, Dean
Ferguson, Bruce
Kessides, Christine
Mota, Jose Aroudo
Motta, Diana
author_sort Freire, Mila
title Land and Urban Policies for Poverty Reduction : Proceedings of the Third International Urban Research Symposium Held in Brasilia, April 2005, Volume 2
title_short Land and Urban Policies for Poverty Reduction : Proceedings of the Third International Urban Research Symposium Held in Brasilia, April 2005, Volume 2
title_full Land and Urban Policies for Poverty Reduction : Proceedings of the Third International Urban Research Symposium Held in Brasilia, April 2005, Volume 2
title_fullStr Land and Urban Policies for Poverty Reduction : Proceedings of the Third International Urban Research Symposium Held in Brasilia, April 2005, Volume 2
title_full_unstemmed Land and Urban Policies for Poverty Reduction : Proceedings of the Third International Urban Research Symposium Held in Brasilia, April 2005, Volume 2
title_sort land and urban policies for poverty reduction : proceedings of the third international urban research symposium held in brasilia, april 2005, volume 2
publisher World Bank, Brasilia
publishDate 2015
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/04/24030076/land-urban-policies-poverty-reduction-proceedings-third-international-urban-research-symposium-held-brasilia-vol-2
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21557
_version_ 1764448621427687424
spelling okr-10986-215572021-06-14T10:46:54Z Land and Urban Policies for Poverty Reduction : Proceedings of the Third International Urban Research Symposium Held in Brasilia, April 2005, Volume 2 Freire, Mila Lima, Ricardo Cira, Dean Ferguson, Bruce Kessides, Christine Mota, Jose Aroudo Motta, Diana Freire, Mila Lima, Ricardo Cira, Dean Ferguson, Bruce Kessides, Christine Mota, Jose Aroudo Motta, Diana AFFORDABLE HOUSING AFFORDABLE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT AIR APARTMENTS ARCHITECT ARCHITECTURE BARRIO BOTTLENECKS BUS BUS FARE BUS JOURNEYS BUS OPERATION BUS RIDERSHIP BUS SERVICE BUS SERVICES BUS SYSTEM BUS SYSTEMS BUS TRIPS BUSES BUSINESS DISTRICTS CAR CARS CASUAL WORK CBD CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CENTRAL CITIES CENTRAL CITY CITIES CITIES ALLIANCE CITY AUTHORITIES CITY CENTRE CITY GOVERNMENTS CITY MANAGEMENT CITY PROFILE COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION COUNTRYSIDE CRIME DEVELOPING COUNTRY CITIES DRAINAGE DRINKING WATER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EFFICIENT TRANSPORT ENGINEER ENGINEERS ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS EVICTION EVICTIONS EXPRESS SERVICES EXPRESSWAYS EXTERNALITIES FARES FAVELA FAVELAS FEMALE HABITAT HEALTH CARE HOMES HOSPITALS HOTEL HOUSEHOLDS HOUSES HOUSING HOUSING AFFORDABILITY HOUSING CONDITIONS HOUSING DEVELOPMENT HOUSING ESTATES HOUSING FINANCE HOUSING MANAGEMENT HOUSING MARKETS HOUSING POLICY HOUSING PROJECTS HOUSING RIGHTS HOUSING SUBSIDIES HUMAN SETTLEMENTS INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL HOUSING INFORMAL LAND INFORMAL LAND DELIVERY INFORMAL LAND DELIVERY SYSTEMS INFORMAL SETTLEMENT INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS INHABITANTS IRREGULAR SETTLEMENT JOB OPPORTUNITIES LACK OF CREDIT LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND MANAGEMENT LAND MARKETS LAND POLICIES LAND TENURE LAND TENURE REGULARIZATION LAND USE LEASING LEGAL TITLE LIBRARIES LIGHT RAIL LIVING STANDARDS LOCAL DEVELOPMENT LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL ROADS LONG-DISTANCE LOW INCOME LOW-INCOME LOW-INCOME SETTLEMENTS MANY CITIES METROPOLITAN AREA METROPOLITAN AREAS METROPOLITAN POPULATION MUNICIPAL CORPORATION MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT FUND MUNICIPAL SERVICES NATIONAL TRANSPORT NEIGHBORHOODS NEIGHBOURHOODS OCCUPATION OVERCROWDING PASSENGER VOLUMES PAVEMENT DWELLERS PERIPHERAL AREAS POOR NEIGHBORHOODS POOR PEOPLE POPULATION DENSITY POVERTY REDUCTION PROPERTY RIGHTS PROPERTY TAX PUBLIC FINANCE PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HOUSING PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC LIGHTING PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS PUBLIC UTILITIES QUALITY HOUSING QUALITY OF TRANSPORT RAIL RAIL SYSTEMS RAILWAY RAPID TRANSIT REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT REGIONAL PLANNING RENTAL HOUSING RENTALS RESETTLEMENT RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION RESIDENTIAL ZONES ROAD ROAD NETWORK ROUTES RURAL AREAS SANITATION SECONDARY CITIES SECURE TENURE SECURITY OF TENURE SELF-HELP SERVICED LAND SETTLEMENT SHACKS SHANTYTOWNS SHELTER SIDEWALKS SLUM SLUM AREAS SLUM IMPROVEMENT SLUM UPGRADING SLUMS SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL HOUSING SQUATTER SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS SQUATTING STREET LIGHTING STREETS SUBDIVISIONS SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT TAX TAX REVENUE TENEMENTS THIRD WORLD CITIES TRAFFIC TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRANSIT TRANSIT SYSTEMS TRANSPARENCY TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ECONOMICS TRANSPORT SERVICE TRANSPORT STUDIES TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS TRANSPORTATION POLICIES TRAVEL DISTANCES TRUE UNDERGROUND UNSATISFIED BASIC NEEDS URBAN URBAN AFFAIRS URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS URBAN AGRICULTURE URBAN AREAS URBAN BUS URBAN CORE URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION URBAN DWELLERS URBAN ECONOMICS URBAN ECONOMY URBAN FRINGE URBAN GOVERNANCE URBAN GROWTH URBAN INDICATORS URBAN LAND URBAN MANAGEMENT URBAN MANAGERS URBAN PERIPHERY URBAN PLANNERS URBAN PLANNING URBAN POLICIES URBAN POLICY URBAN POOR URBAN POPULATION URBAN POPULATION GROWTH URBAN POVERTY URBAN PROPERTY URBAN RESEARCH URBAN SECTOR URBAN SERVICES URBAN SPRAWL URBAN STUDIES URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN UPGRADING URBANISM URBANIST URBANIZATION VEHICLES WATER SUPPLY WEALTH ZONING The first paper of this section (Durand-Laserve) documents how increasing pressures on urban land and the 'commodification' of shelter and settlement has increased 'market evictions' of families holding intermediate tide to property, although international declarations and pressures have contributed to reducing 'forced evictions.' The second paper (Mooya and Cloete) uses the tools of the New Institutional Economics to analyze the argument in Hernando DeSoto's path-breaking book, The Mystery of Capital, that full legal tide is the key to turning 'dead capital' in the form of informal property held by many low-income families into an economic asset and to detonating broad-based economic growth. The paper concludes that intermediate forms of tenure can have the virtues of full legal tide if properly constructed, and then examines the case of Namibia in this context. The third paper (Fernandes) documents and assesses the recent efforts of the Brazilian federal Ministry of Cities to develop a comprehensive approach for regularizing title throughout that country. In the fourth paper, Abramo gives a structural and theoretical over-view of informal settlement in Brazil. The fifth paper (Rakodi) looks at traditional land delivery systems in five medium-sized Sub-Saharan African cities, and concludes that policies and programs can build on their strengths. 2015-03-09T19:28:53Z 2015-03-09T19:28:53Z 2007 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/04/24030076/land-urban-policies-poverty-reduction-proceedings-third-international-urban-research-symposium-held-brasilia-vol-2 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21557 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Brasilia Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Working Paper Latin America & Caribbean Brazil