The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of LGBT People : A Case Study of India
Human rights and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people are usually considered through a social, cultural, or ethical lens, but equality and inclusion of LGBT people are also economic development issues. This report deve...
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| Format: | Publications & Research |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2015
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/10/23952131/economic-cost-stigma-exclusion-lgbt-people-case-study-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21515 |
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okr-10986-21515 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
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World Bank |
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English en_US |
| topic |
ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT ACCESS TO JOBS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AGED AID ASYLUM BARRIERS TO PARTICIPATION BIRTHS BISEXUAL BISEXUALS CLIMATE CHANGE COMMERCIAL SEX COMMERCIAL SEX WORK COMPENSATION CONTEXT OF MARRIAGE COURT COURT DECISIONS CRIMINAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM CRIMINALITY CRIMINALIZATION DEPRESSION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DRUGS EARLY DEATH ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATED GROUPS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMOTIONAL SUPPORT EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION EPIDEMIC EQUAL TREATMENT FAMILIES FAMILY FORMATION FAMILY HEALTH FAMILY SUPPORT FEMALE FORMAL EDUCATION GAY GAY MEN GENDER GENDER EQUITY GENDER IDENTITIES GENDER IDENTITY GENDER INEQUITY GENDER NORMS GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS HARASSMENT HEALTH CARE HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS HEALTH CARE SERVICES HEALTH CARE SYSTEM HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH PROBLEMS HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH STATUS HIV HIV INFECTION HIV/AIDS HOME HOMELESSNESS HOMOSEXUALITY HOMOSEXUALS HUMAN ACTIVITY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS HUSBAND HUSBANDS ILLITERACY ILLITERACY RATE IMPRISONMENT INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INEQUALITY INEQUITIES INFERIOR STATUS INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL SECTOR INHERITANCE INVESTMENT IN CHILDREN INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION JOB TRAINING JUSTICE LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LAWS LEGAL RIGHTS LEGAL SERVICES LEGAL STATUS LEGISLATION LESBIAN LESBIANS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LITERACY RATES LIVING CONDITIONS LONGER LIVES MARRIAGES MARRIED MEN MEDICAL CARE MENTAL METAANALYSIS MINORITY NATIONAL AIDS NATIONAL POPULATION OLDER AGE GROUPS PATIENTS PENAL CODE PENSION PHYSICAL HEALTH PHYSICAL VIOLENCE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL PROCESS POPULATION ESTIMATES POPULATION GROUPS PRIVACY PROPERTY RIGHTS PSYCHOLOGY PUBLIC AWARENESS PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC OPINION QUALITY OF CARE QUALITY OF LIFE REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS RESEARCH METHODS RESEARCH PROJECTS RESPECT RURAL AREAS SAME SEX SAME-SEX COUPLES SECONDARY SCHOOLS SEX SEX COUPLES SEX PARTNERS SEX WITH MEN SEX WORKERS SEXUAL ACTIVITIES SEXUAL ACTIVITY SEXUAL ASSAULT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR SEXUAL ORIENTATION SEXUAL PRACTICES SINGLE WOMEN SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SOCIAL SCIENCE SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL STATUS SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SPOUSE SPOUSES SUICIDE THIRD GENDER TOLERANCE TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES UNEMPLOYMENT UNITED NATIONS UNMARRIED WOMEN URBAN AREAS VIOLENCE WAGE DIFFERENCES WAGE GAP WEDDINGS WILL WIVES WOMAN WORK ENVIRONMENT WORKERS WORKFORCE WORKPLACE YOUNG MEN YOUNG PEOPLE YOUNG WOMEN |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT ACCESS TO JOBS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AGED AID ASYLUM BARRIERS TO PARTICIPATION BIRTHS BISEXUAL BISEXUALS CLIMATE CHANGE COMMERCIAL SEX COMMERCIAL SEX WORK COMPENSATION CONTEXT OF MARRIAGE COURT COURT DECISIONS CRIMINAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM CRIMINALITY CRIMINALIZATION DEPRESSION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DRUGS EARLY DEATH ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATED GROUPS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMOTIONAL SUPPORT EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION EPIDEMIC EQUAL TREATMENT FAMILIES FAMILY FORMATION FAMILY HEALTH FAMILY SUPPORT FEMALE FORMAL EDUCATION GAY GAY MEN GENDER GENDER EQUITY GENDER IDENTITIES GENDER IDENTITY GENDER INEQUITY GENDER NORMS GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS HARASSMENT HEALTH CARE HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS HEALTH CARE SERVICES HEALTH CARE SYSTEM HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH PROBLEMS HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH STATUS HIV HIV INFECTION HIV/AIDS HOME HOMELESSNESS HOMOSEXUALITY HOMOSEXUALS HUMAN ACTIVITY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS HUSBAND HUSBANDS ILLITERACY ILLITERACY RATE IMPRISONMENT INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INEQUALITY INEQUITIES INFERIOR STATUS INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL SECTOR INHERITANCE INVESTMENT IN CHILDREN INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION JOB TRAINING JUSTICE LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LAWS LEGAL RIGHTS LEGAL SERVICES LEGAL STATUS LEGISLATION LESBIAN LESBIANS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LITERACY RATES LIVING CONDITIONS LONGER LIVES MARRIAGES MARRIED MEN MEDICAL CARE MENTAL METAANALYSIS MINORITY NATIONAL AIDS NATIONAL POPULATION OLDER AGE GROUPS PATIENTS PENAL CODE PENSION PHYSICAL HEALTH PHYSICAL VIOLENCE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL PROCESS POPULATION ESTIMATES POPULATION GROUPS PRIVACY PROPERTY RIGHTS PSYCHOLOGY PUBLIC AWARENESS PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC OPINION QUALITY OF CARE QUALITY OF LIFE REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS RESEARCH METHODS RESEARCH PROJECTS RESPECT RURAL AREAS SAME SEX SAME-SEX COUPLES SECONDARY SCHOOLS SEX SEX COUPLES SEX PARTNERS SEX WITH MEN SEX WORKERS SEXUAL ACTIVITIES SEXUAL ACTIVITY SEXUAL ASSAULT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR SEXUAL ORIENTATION SEXUAL PRACTICES SINGLE WOMEN SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SOCIAL SCIENCE SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL STATUS SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SPOUSE SPOUSES SUICIDE THIRD GENDER TOLERANCE TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES UNEMPLOYMENT UNITED NATIONS UNMARRIED WOMEN URBAN AREAS VIOLENCE WAGE DIFFERENCES WAGE GAP WEDDINGS WILL WIVES WOMAN WORK ENVIRONMENT WORKERS WORKFORCE WORKPLACE YOUNG MEN YOUNG PEOPLE YOUNG WOMEN Badgett, M.V. Lee The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of LGBT People : A Case Study of India |
| geographic_facet |
South Asia India |
| description |
Human rights and equality for lesbian,
gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people are usually
considered through a social, cultural, or ethical lens, but
equality and inclusion of LGBT people are also economic
development issues. This report develops a model to estimate
the economic cost of stigma; negative attitudes toward LGBT
people and the exclusion of LGBT people in social
institutions such as education, employment, families, and
health care. The model is applied to a case study of India.
Three major findings emerge from this report. First, there
is clear evidence of stigma and exclusion exists for LGBT
people in India. Data on public opinion from 2006 shows that
41 percent of Indians would not want a homosexual neighbor,
and 64 percent believe that homosexuality is never
justified. Negative attitudes have diminished over time,
however. Second, the effects of stigma and exclusion are
potentially costly to economies. A conceptual model links
exclusion of LGBT people and economic development through
(1) lower productivity and lower output as a result of
employment discrimination and constraints on labor supply;
(2) inefficient investment in human capital because of lower
returns to education and discrimination in educational
settings; (3) lost output as a result of health disparities
that are linked to exclusion; and (4) social and health
services required to address the effects of exclusion that
might be better spent elsewhere. Third and lastly, in India,
existing research does not allow for a precise estimate of
the cost of LGBT exclusion, but the cost could be
substantial. The loss of labor productivity and output
because of employment discrimination and the loss of life
years due to early death or disability will reduce the
economic output of the Indian economy. With better research
on the lived experiences of LGBT people, researchers could
use existing analytical tools to estimate the total cost of
LGBT exclusion. |
| format |
Publications & Research |
| author |
Badgett, M.V. Lee |
| author_facet |
Badgett, M.V. Lee |
| author_sort |
Badgett, M.V. Lee |
| title |
The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of LGBT People : A Case Study of India |
| title_short |
The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of LGBT People : A Case Study of India |
| title_full |
The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of LGBT People : A Case Study of India |
| title_fullStr |
The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of LGBT People : A Case Study of India |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of LGBT People : A Case Study of India |
| title_sort |
economic cost of stigma and the exclusion of lgbt people : a case study of india |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/10/23952131/economic-cost-stigma-exclusion-lgbt-people-case-study-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21515 |
| _version_ |
1764448471022043136 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-215152021-04-23T14:04:02Z The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of LGBT People : A Case Study of India Badgett, M.V. Lee ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT ACCESS TO JOBS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AGED AID ASYLUM BARRIERS TO PARTICIPATION BIRTHS BISEXUAL BISEXUALS CLIMATE CHANGE COMMERCIAL SEX COMMERCIAL SEX WORK COMPENSATION CONTEXT OF MARRIAGE COURT COURT DECISIONS CRIMINAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM CRIMINALITY CRIMINALIZATION DEPRESSION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DRUGS EARLY DEATH ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATED GROUPS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMOTIONAL SUPPORT EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION EPIDEMIC EQUAL TREATMENT FAMILIES FAMILY FORMATION FAMILY HEALTH FAMILY SUPPORT FEMALE FORMAL EDUCATION GAY GAY MEN GENDER GENDER EQUITY GENDER IDENTITIES GENDER IDENTITY GENDER INEQUITY GENDER NORMS GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS HARASSMENT HEALTH CARE HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS HEALTH CARE SERVICES HEALTH CARE SYSTEM HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH PROBLEMS HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH STATUS HIV HIV INFECTION HIV/AIDS HOME HOMELESSNESS HOMOSEXUALITY HOMOSEXUALS HUMAN ACTIVITY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS HUSBAND HUSBANDS ILLITERACY ILLITERACY RATE IMPRISONMENT INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INEQUALITY INEQUITIES INFERIOR STATUS INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL SECTOR INHERITANCE INVESTMENT IN CHILDREN INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION JOB TRAINING JUSTICE LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LAWS LEGAL RIGHTS LEGAL SERVICES LEGAL STATUS LEGISLATION LESBIAN LESBIANS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LITERACY RATES LIVING CONDITIONS LONGER LIVES MARRIAGES MARRIED MEN MEDICAL CARE MENTAL METAANALYSIS MINORITY NATIONAL AIDS NATIONAL POPULATION OLDER AGE GROUPS PATIENTS PENAL CODE PENSION PHYSICAL HEALTH PHYSICAL VIOLENCE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL PROCESS POPULATION ESTIMATES POPULATION GROUPS PRIVACY PROPERTY RIGHTS PSYCHOLOGY PUBLIC AWARENESS PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC OPINION QUALITY OF CARE QUALITY OF LIFE REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS RESEARCH METHODS RESEARCH PROJECTS RESPECT RURAL AREAS SAME SEX SAME-SEX COUPLES SECONDARY SCHOOLS SEX SEX COUPLES SEX PARTNERS SEX WITH MEN SEX WORKERS SEXUAL ACTIVITIES SEXUAL ACTIVITY SEXUAL ASSAULT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR SEXUAL ORIENTATION SEXUAL PRACTICES SINGLE WOMEN SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SOCIAL SCIENCE SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL STATUS SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SPOUSE SPOUSES SUICIDE THIRD GENDER TOLERANCE TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES UNEMPLOYMENT UNITED NATIONS UNMARRIED WOMEN URBAN AREAS VIOLENCE WAGE DIFFERENCES WAGE GAP WEDDINGS WILL WIVES WOMAN WORK ENVIRONMENT WORKERS WORKFORCE WORKPLACE YOUNG MEN YOUNG PEOPLE YOUNG WOMEN Human rights and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people are usually considered through a social, cultural, or ethical lens, but equality and inclusion of LGBT people are also economic development issues. This report develops a model to estimate the economic cost of stigma; negative attitudes toward LGBT people and the exclusion of LGBT people in social institutions such as education, employment, families, and health care. The model is applied to a case study of India. Three major findings emerge from this report. First, there is clear evidence of stigma and exclusion exists for LGBT people in India. Data on public opinion from 2006 shows that 41 percent of Indians would not want a homosexual neighbor, and 64 percent believe that homosexuality is never justified. Negative attitudes have diminished over time, however. Second, the effects of stigma and exclusion are potentially costly to economies. A conceptual model links exclusion of LGBT people and economic development through (1) lower productivity and lower output as a result of employment discrimination and constraints on labor supply; (2) inefficient investment in human capital because of lower returns to education and discrimination in educational settings; (3) lost output as a result of health disparities that are linked to exclusion; and (4) social and health services required to address the effects of exclusion that might be better spent elsewhere. Third and lastly, in India, existing research does not allow for a precise estimate of the cost of LGBT exclusion, but the cost could be substantial. The loss of labor productivity and output because of employment discrimination and the loss of life years due to early death or disability will reduce the economic output of the Indian economy. With better research on the lived experiences of LGBT people, researchers could use existing analytical tools to estimate the total cost of LGBT exclusion. 2015-02-26T14:42:06Z 2015-02-26T14:42:06Z 2014-10-03 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/10/23952131/economic-cost-stigma-exclusion-lgbt-people-case-study-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21515 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Working Paper South Asia India |