Soil Endowments, Female Labor Force Participation and the Demographic Deficit of Women in India

Differences in relative female employment by soil texture are used to explain the heterogeneous deficit of female children across districts within India. Soil texture varies exogenously and determines the depth of land tillage. Deep tillage, possib...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Carranza, Eliana
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	AGE AT MARRIAGE AGE GROUP AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL INPUTS AGRICULTURAL LABOR AGRICULTURAL LABORERS AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURE AGRONOMY ALKALINE SOILS ANIMALS ARABLE SOILS CHILD MORTALITY CHILD SURVIVAL CLIMATE COMPENSATION CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING CROP CROP MANAGEMENT CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CROP PRODUCTION CROP YIELD CROP YIELDS CROPPING CROPPING PATTERNS CROPS CULTIVATED LAND CULTURAL CHANGE CULTURAL PRACTICES DECLINE IN FERTILITY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISAGGREGATED ANALYSIS DISCRIMINATION DIVISION OF LABOR DRAINAGE EARLY CHILDHOOD ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMICS ECOSYSTEM EDUCATED MOTHERS EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT SHARE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT ETHNIC GROUPS EXCLUSION RESTRICTION FALLOWING FAO FARM FARMING FARMING SYSTEMS FEMALE CHILDREN FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE MORTALITY FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY DECLINE FERTILITY RATES FERTILIZER FEWER BIRTHS FEWER WOMEN FOREST GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT GENDER GENDER BIAS GENDER NORMS GENDER ROLES HARVESTERS HARVESTING HARVESTING EQUIPMENT HETEROGENEITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD WEALTH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMMIGRANTS INDUSTRIALIZATION INHERITANCE IRRIGATION KINSHIP KINSHIP STRUCTURE LABOR BUREAU LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR INTENSITIES LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LAND MANAGEMENT LAND OWNERSHIP LAND USE LAND USE PLANNING LANDS LIVESTOCK LOWER FERTILITY MALE PARTICIPATION MALE WORKERS MIGRATION OPEN ACCESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PESTICIDE PLOWING POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT POPULATION GROUPS POPULATION STUDIES POULTRY PRE-NATAL SEX SELECTION PROGRESS PUBLIC POLICY RATIO OF WOMEN RICE RICE CULTIVATION RIVER RURAL AREAS RURAL POPULATION RURAL POVERTY RURAL WORKERS SEX SEX RATIO SEX RATIOS SHIFTING CULTIVATION SOIL SOIL FERTILITY SOIL QUALITY SOIL TYPE SOILS SON PREFERENCE SOWING SOWING EQUIPMENT SPECIES STATUS OF WOMEN TEA TILLAGE TILLERS TOTAL WORKERS TRANSPLANTING UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTER URBANIZATION WAR WEEDS WHEAT WOMAN WOOD WORK FORCE WORKER WORKERS YIELDS
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/02/20302408/soil-endowments-female-labor-force-participation-demographic-deficit-women-india http://hdl.handle.net/10986/20521

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Summary:	Differences in relative female employment by soil texture are used to explain the heterogeneous deficit of female children across districts within India. Soil texture varies exogenously and determines the depth of land tillage. Deep tillage, possible in loamy but not in clayey soil textures, reduces the demand for labor in agricultural tasks traditionally performed by women. Girls have a lower economic value where female labor opportunities are fewer. Consistently, higher relative female employment in agriculture improves the ratio of female to male children in districts that have a smaller fraction of loamy relative to clayey soils.

Soil Endowments, Female Labor Force Participation and the Demographic Deficit of Women in India

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